Catatan: Tanaman Malberi

 Malberi daun terbelah (daun lebih byk dari buah/buah sedikit)

 Jenis mulberi ni batangnya agak lembut, buah sedikit dan kecil serta daun terbelah.

 Arnab suka makan daun ni, jimat kos

Pokok malberi ni dah nak masuk 4 tahun, pokok atasnya baru tebang agar senang nak ambik buah dan daun.

Berminat dengan tanaman ini , boleh hubungi 0192272127

 Benih pokok mulberry/malberi untuk dijual di sg buloh. Terdiri dari pelbagai ketinggian .Paling rendah 1 kaki rm5.Majoriti harga RM7.00 (tinggi 2 kaki ++) Paling tinggi 5 kaki dalam polibag besar (harga RM50). Belian ladang lain harga.

Hasil yang dipetik dari pokok malberi tepi rumah saya.Harga pasaran buah ini antara RM5-RM8 sekilo

Health Benefits of Eating Mulberries

Mulberries have an abundance of a powerful phytonutrient known as resveratrol. Research has found this compound effective in lowering the risk of stroke. In some scientific studies, resveratrol has successfully prolonged the life of white mice.

This fleshy, delicious berry is loaded with phenolic flavonoid phytochemicals known as anthocyanins. Studies conclude that anthocyanins contain many health properties, including fighting against cancer, neurological diseases and inflammation, protecting you against bacterial infections and diabetes as well as slowing down aging.

Mulberries are a good source of vitamin C, supplying 36.4 mcg per 100 g of the berries. Ascorbic acid is a natural potent antioxidant which helps get rid of infectious agents. Due to high vitamin C content, mulberries molasses have become a popular natural remedy used to treat cold and flu in Turkey.

The succulent berries are packed with iron; providing you with 1.85 mg in every 100 g of the fruit. Iron is an essential mineral that boosts the capacity of your blood in transporting oxygen in the body and is useful in treating anemia.

In Chinese traditional medicine, mulberries are seen as an important blood tonic as they are able to cleanse the blood and at the same time, promote the production of red blood cells.

Rich in vitamin A, the fruit is used by the Chinese to strengthen the eyes and enhance the vision. Vitamin A is also capable of boosting your immune system as well as maintaining strong teeth and bones.

Mulberries contain substantial amount of vitamin E. The vitamin is vital as it helps prevent breast and prostate cancer. It also helps eliminate skin diseases like acne, erythema and psoriasis.

Besides the health importance of mulberries mentioned above, they also have excellent amount of other significant nutrients such as potassium, magnesium, manganese, vitamin K and B-complex vitamins. They all contribute to the wellness of your body.

Other functions of the fruit include relieving constipation, curing certain kidney diseases, cleansing the liver and aiding premature gray hair. Mulberries are also a great weight loss diet as they contain very low calories.

Facts about Mulberry Fruit

A mulberry is a tree belongs to the genus Morus, which has a wide variety of trees that are grown throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Apart from being ornamental, it has many commercial uses that make it extremely popular. Most garden supply stores do sell mulberry plants, with some even have special service to order them for you.

Mulberries (scientific name Morus rubra or Morus alba) are the fruit grows on mulberry trees. The trees grow very rapidly and yield a great amount of fruit each season. You may see mulberries in many different colors; from white to dark red. The white berries are growing as a super food to be sold in various health food retail outlets. The white mulberry tree leaves are used to feed silk worms.

Mulberry Nutrition Facts and Calories

Nutritional Value of 1 cup (140 g) Raw Mulberries

Calories 60 kcal

Total Fat 1 g

Cholesterol 0 mg

Sodium 14 mg

Total Carbohydrates 14 g

Dietary Fiber 2 g

Sugars 11 g

Protein 2 g

Mulberry Recipe

Mulberry Juice Recipe

Ingredients:

1 kg mulberry fruits, rinsed

900 g sugar

Preparation:

Use a blender to blend the mulberries for the juice. Strain to get the juice. Discard the skins and seeds.

Place the tendered mulberries in a sieve, strain and press with a fork to extract the juice. Filter the juice to remove seeds and skins.

Add the sugar and stir until dissolves. Add some ice cubes to chill if you wish.

 

Sumber:http://www.101healthyrecipes.com/health-benefits-of-fruit/mulberry-health-benefits-nutrition-fruit-facts.php

Mulberry as a Super Fruit

Biological Description

Mulberry is a deciduous, fruit-bearing tree, which Latin name is Morus from the Moraceae family. It includes many species, the most popular ones being Morus alba, Morus nigra, and Morus rubra. Their names are derived from the colour of the buds, not the fruits.

Mulberries are fast-growing when young, but become slow-growing when they age. Morus trees have short rough trunk and twisted and drooping branches. Their leaves with toothed margins are alternate and simple, lobed on the young shoots and on the old trees. All the parts of the tree contain milky juice.

Mulberry may have male and female flowers on the same tree; they are usually wind-pollinated. Many small flowers are gathered in the inflorescences to form catkins, situated in the axils of the leaves. Female catkins are shorter than the male ones. The incredibly juicy fruit of the Mulberry tree is actually a collective fruit, consisting of closely-situated drupes with one seed inside.

Morus nigra, or Black mulberry, is the most widely-known and grown tree for its fruits, which are larger than in the other two species. It reaches about 40 feet in height, having a wide and spreading crown, which in diameter may even exceed the height of the tree. It is a long-lived plant. The large, thick, and quite rough leaves of the Black mulberry are similar to those of the Morus rubra (Red mulberry). The fruits of the two species are also very alike; except for the Black mulberry fruits are darker in colour.

Morus alba is the tallest tree, reaching up to 80 feet. Its fruit, smaller than in the other two species, is, however, very sweet and lacks the tartness of the Red and Black mulberries.

Growing

White mulberry is native to China. It grows well in almost any type of soil and tolerates drought and cold temperatures. It can be grown practically anywhere in the world. Black and Red mulberries are more fastidious: they need warmer climatic conditions, more fertile soils (preferably a deep loam), and good drainage with timely watering, however. These trees need full sun and much space for their large crowns. At the same time, they are wind-tolerant.


Black mulberry originates from western Asia (Armenia, Persia, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, etc.), while Morus rubra comes from the United States.

Parts Used

These days fruits of the Mulberry tree are widely-popularized as valuable health-promoting and nutritionally-rich foods. Some sources even state that Mulberry may be included into the list of the super foods due to its potential health benefits. Nonetheless, traditional herbalism contains many recipes of the remedies made of the Morus tree leaves and bark, which also have medicinal value.

Market

The whole spectrum of the beneficial elements may be enjoyed in the fresh fruits of the Morus tree. At the same time, dried fruits, extracts (including leaf extract), and juices are available in the stores selling natural remedies and food supplements.

Action

Antioxidants, capable of eliminating the damage caused by free radicals in the body and slow down the process of aging, seem to be the main constituents of the fruit juice of the Mulberry tree. Scientists mention resveratrol as the most promising component in this respect. For this reason, they now try to discover as much as possible important information about this element. It is suggested to have cardio protective, antiviral and anti-cancer action. It may also lower bad cholesterol and work to alleviate chronic inflammation, as well as postpone the development of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Anthocyanins – pigments in the fruit – also have antioxidant action; thus, are medicinally valuable as well. They have been studied primarily as the means to fight cancer and showed excellent results. Their content is the highest in the fruits, which are grown in the warm climate with much sunshine.

Flavonoids in the root bark of the Mulberry tree were discovered to increase the level of insulin in the body and reduce blood glucose level; therefore, they may help in controlling diabetes. The root bark is considered a mighty diuretic and expectorant. The bark of the tree has anthelmintic property.

Mulberry leaves are used to treat diabetes and hypertension, but the old leaves have tranquilizing properties and may cause hallucinations, headache, and upset stomach, so, their remedies should be used with the extreme caution.

Mulberry contains large amounts of vitamins C and K, minerals magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and iron, carbohydrates glucose and fructose, free acids (tartaric and malic), fatty acids (linoleic, stearic, and oleic), protein, pectin and fiber. The health benefits of the Morus tree are tightly connected with the elements composing its chemical structure.

Health Benefits

Lately, fighting diabetes and cancer with Mulberry became the primary issue of scientific research. These diseases are difficult to manage and Morus fruit seems to possess the necessary properties, which could be of great help in controlling these conditions.

On the other hand, strengthening the immune system, relieving pain from chronic inflammation (for example, caused by arthritis or atherosclerosis), and nourishing the blood have a long history of treatment with Mulberry fruits.

In addition, naturopaths recommend to lower bad cholesterol levels (thus, helping to avoid the development of cardiovascular disorders), shed excessive pounds, increase bone strength and fight osteoporosis with Mulberry remedies. Besides, maintaining healthy liver and kidneys, soothing the nerves, eliminating weakness, fatigue, and anemia is possible with them. It is interesting to note that premature graying of the hair may be stopped with Mulberry and even increasing low libido is possible with its fruits.

Do not forget that the treatment with Mulberry remedies is not only effective against the mentioned disease, but pleasant due to the taste of the fruits as well.
http://www.chinese-herbs.org/mulberry/

Mulberries nutrition facts

Refreshingly succulent, tart and sweet mulberries are indeed rich in numerous health benefiting flavonoid phyto-nutrients. Botanically, the berries are obtained from the silkworm tree belonging to the moraceae family; of the genus: Morus. Scientific name: Morus nigra. L. In Spanish they are known as moras.

More than hundred species of morus exist. In taxonomy, species generally are identified not by the color of the fruits (berries) but by the color of flower buds and leaves. So, a morus plant can have different colored berries (black, purple, red, white etc) in the same plant.

3 species have been recognized for their economic importance.

•The white mulberry (Morus alba) is native to eastern and central China.

•The red or American mulberry (Morus rubra) is native to eastern United States.

•Black mulberry (Morus nigra) is native to western Asia.

Mulberries are large, deciduous trees native to warm, temperate, and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Technically, the mulberry fruit is an aggregation of small fruits arranged longitudinally around the central axis as in blackberry or loganberries. Each fruit measures 2-5 cm long. In most species these berries are purple-red when ripen; however they can be white, red, purple or multiple colors in the same fruit.

Health benefits of mulberries

■Delicious, fleshy, succulent mulberries are low in calories (just 43 cal per 100 g); but are rich source of many health promoting plant derived compounds, minerals and vitamins that are essential for optimum health.

■Mulberries have significantly high amounts of phenolic flavonoid phytochemicals called anthocyanins. Scientific studies have shown that consumption of berries have potential health effects against cancer, aging and neurological diseases, inflammation, diabetes, and bacterial infections

■The berries contain resveratrol, another polyphenol flavonoid antioxidant. Resveratrol has been found to be protective against stroke risk by alteration of molecular mechanisms in blood vessels, reducing susceptibility to vascular damage through decreased activity of angiotensin (a systemic hormone causing blood vessel constriction that would elevate blood pressure) and increased production of the vasodilator hormone, nitric oxide.

■In addition, these berries are an excellent source of vitamin-C (36.4 mcg per 100, about 61% of RDI), which is also a powerful natural antioxidant. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps body develop resistance against infectious agents, counter inflammation and scavenge harmful free radicals.

■They also contain good amount vitamin A, vitamin E and in addition to the above mentioned antioxidants also contain many other health promoting flavonoid poly phenolic antioxidants such as lutein, zeaxanthin, ß-carotene and α-carotene in small but notably significant amounts. These compounds help act as protect from harmful effects of oxygen-derived free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a role in aging and various disease process.

■Zeaxanthin, an important dietary carotenoid selectively absorbed into the retinal macula lutea where it is thought to provide antioxidant and protective light-filtering functions in the retina of eyes.

■Mulberries are excellent source of iron, which is a rare feature among berries, contains 1.85 mg/100 g of fruits (about 23% of RDI). Iron, being a component of hemoglobin inside the red blood cells, determines the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

■They also good source of minerals like potassium, manganese, and magnesium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure. Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase.

■They are rich in B-complex group of vitamins and vitamin K. Contain very good amounts of vitamin B-6, niacin, riboflavin and folic acid. These vitamins are function as co-factors and help body in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

See the table below for in depth analysis of nutrients:

Mulberry (Morus nigra .L), Fresh, raw,

Nutrition Value per 100 g,

(Source: USDA National Nutrient data base) Principle Nutrient Value Percentage of RDA

Energy 43 Kcal 2%

Carbohydrates 9.80 g 7.5%

Protein 1.44 g 2.5%

Total Fat 0.39 g 2%

Cholesterol 0 mg 0%

Dietary Fiber 1.7 g 4.5%

Vitamins

Folates 6 mcg 1.5%

Niacin 0.620 mg 4%

Pyridoxine 0.050 mg 4%

Riboflavin 0.101 mg 8%

Vitamin A 25 IU 1%

Vitamin C 36.4 mg 61%

Vitamin E 0.87 mg 6%

Vitamin K 7.8 mcg 6.5%

Electrolytes

Sodium 10 mg 0.75%

Potassium 194 mg 4%

Minerals

Calcium 39 mg 4%

Copper 60 mcg 6.5%

Iron 1.85 mg 23%

Magnesium 18 mg 4.5%

Selenium 0.6 mcg 1%

Zinc 0.12 mg 1%

Phyto-nutrients

Carotene--ß 9 mcg --

Carotene, α 12 mcg --

Lutein-zeaxanthin 136 mcg --

Selection and storage

Black mulberries are particularly more flavorful and tasty than their counterpart white and red varieties. The peak season for black mulberry is May through August while the other two varieties are readily available by late spring.

In the stores, look for fleshy berries flavorful and heavy in hands. Avoid bruised, bleeding and sunken berries.

Once at home, preserve them in the zip pouch unwashed inside refrigerator where they stay fresh for up to a week. Mulberries spoil rather quickly. To eat, wash the berries in cold water in a container (bowl) instead of in running water. This way you avoid injuring. This method also brings the berries to room temperature and enhances their flavor and taste.

Preparation and serving methods

After washing them to remove sand and soil, gently pat them dry using soft cloth. Take care not to squeeze or press the berries or the will stain cloth, hand, etc. Then trim away stem ends by simply pinching off with fingers or using a small scissors or paring knife.

The berries have found their unique place in the kitchen, be it a simple mulberry pie or somewhat more complicated mulberry wine, they are favored in variety of mulberry recipes.

Here are some serving tips:

•Fresh mulberry are generally eaten as they are without any additions.

•They mix well with other berry salads.

•They can be a great snack between meals.

•Mulberries are favored in jams, jellies, tart syrups etc.

•Dried mulberries can be used in pie fillings, mulberry muffins, cookies, cakes etc.

•They are used in ice-creams, smoothies and yogurt as in strawberries, raspberries etc.

Sumber:http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/mulberries.html

Bagaimana Cara Ternakkan Ulat Sutera China Dipopularkan ke Negara Barat

Menurut dongeng, cara penternakan ulat sutera China diajarkan oleh permaisuri Leizu, raja Huangdi pada lebih 5000 tahun yang lalu. Antara tulisan yang terukir pada kulit kura-kura yang dijumpai di China sudah ada tulisan tentang ulat sutera, pokok mulberi dan sutera. Dalam antologi China pertama iaitu “Shi Jing” ada sebuah puisi tentang memetik daun pokok mulberi untuk menternakkan ulat sutera. Kandungan utama puisi itu adalah cuaca cerah pada musim bunga, burung menyanyi, gadis ambil paskit berjalan di jalan yang sempit, beliau pergi memetik daun pokok mulberi. Puisi ini telah membuktikan China telah menguasai teknologi menternakkan ulat sutera dan menenun kain sutera.

Pada Dinasti Xihan, selepas pegawai Zhang Qian berutus ke kawasan barat, kawasan Asia Tengah Sekarang, barangan sutera China telah diangkut ke Eropah. Warga negara barat ketika melihat kain sutera yang licin itu, dianggap sebagai barangan amat berharga dan masing-masing membelinya. Difahamkan, raja Caesar Empayar Rom pernah memakai jubah yang dibuat daripada sutera China untuk menonton persembahan, jubahnya telah menyimbulkan keributan di teater itu. Columbus pernah berkata kepada anak kapal bahawa siapa mendapati tanah terlebih daluha akan dihadiahkan sebuah baju sutera. Akan tetapi, harga sutera sangat mahal seperti emas, Empayar Rom telah muncul defisit kewangan kerana mengimport sutera yang mahal. Maka, suruhan yang melarang menjual dan memakai pakaian sutera China telah dikeluarkan, akan tetapi ia telah ditentang keras oleh bangsawan yang suka sutera China, pada akhirnya, suruhan tersebut terpaksa dibatalkan oleh Empayar Rom.

Pada mulanya, warga negara Eropah tidak tahu sutera China bagaimana dikeluarkan, mereka menganggap benang sutera diambil dari pokok. Selepas diketahui kain sutera ditenun dengan benang sutera yang dikeluarkan daripada ulat sutera, mereka telah berazam belajar teknologi itu.

Pada abad ke-6, raja Empayar Rom telah memangkil seorang mubaligh yang pernah ke China, mesyuruh dia mencuri teknologi menternakkan ulat sutera. Mubaligh itu datang ke provinsi Yunan China, mengetahui pokok mulberi ditanam dengan benih mulberi, ulat sutera adalah telur ulat sutera ditetaskan selama seminggu pada musim bunga, selepas anak ulat sutera ditetaskan, menternakkannya dengan daun mulberi, ulat sutera akan memutar sutera. Mubaligh itu diketahui perkara tersebut telah menculik beberapa telur ulat sutera dan benih mulberi dan kembalik ke negaranya. Akan tetapi, Mubaligh telah keliru kedua-dua barangan itu, beliau telah menanam telur ulat sutera dan menetaskan benih mulberi, tidak berhasil. Kemudian, raja Empayar Rom telah menghantar dua Mubaligh lagi ke China untuk menculik cara penternakan ulat sutera. Kedua-dua Mubaligh telah menerima ajaran dan mengingati cara penanaman dan penetasan dengan baik, menyimpan telur ulat sutera dan benih mulberi dalam tongkat dan mengambil balik ke Rom. Sejak itu, teknologi penternakan ulat sutera dipopularkan di negara Barat.

Tentang perkataan lain tentang teknologi penternakan ulat sutera China diedarkan di negara barat dari buku “cacatan kawasan barat di Dinasti Tang” yang ditulis oleh sami Xuanzang. Buku itu menceritakan bahawa di kawasan barat ada negara kecil yang dinamakan Qu Sa Dan Na hendak mendapat teknologi penternakan ulat sutera, mereka meminta negara “Dong Guo” mengajar mereka akan tetapi ditolak bahkan meningkatkan peperiksaan di pintu keluar masuk, mencegah telur ulat sutera dan benih mulberi diedarkan ke negara lain. Menurut penyelidikan sarjana, negara “Dong Guo” ialah negara Beiwei. Raja negara Qu Sa Dan Na selepas ditolak telah meminta berkahwin dengan puteri negara Dong Guo, raja negara Dong Guo bersetuju. Sebelum upacara perkahwinan diadakan, raja Qu Sa Dan Na menghantar utusannya memberitahu puteri, meminta beliau mengambil beberapa telur ulat sutera dan benih mulberi. Puteri itu telah menerima permintaan itu, sebelum meninggalkan negara Dong Guo, puteri itu telah menyimpan telur ulat sutera dan benih mulberi dalam topinya. Ketika keluar dari negara Dong Guo, para pegawai telah memeriksa semua barangan puteri tetapi tidak berani memeriksa topinya. Jadi, telur ulat sutera dan benih mulberi dibawa ke negara Qu Sa Dan Na, kemudian diederkan ke negara barat.

Catatan Xuan Zang itu dibuktikan oleh sebuah lukisan di Xinjiang yang didapati oleh seorang penjelajah warga Hangari. Di tengah lukisan itu ada seorang wanita memakai pakaian yang mewah dan kepalanya ada topi, di sebelah kiri dan kanan ada 2 orang pembantu, pembantu di sebelah kiri tangannya menunjukkan topi wanita itu. Wanita itu ialah puteri negara Dong Guo yang mengedar benih mulberi dan telur ulat sutera ke negara barat.

Sumber:http://malay.cri.cn/chinaabc/chapter14/chapter140506.htm

Wood Properties of the Fruitless Mulberry Tree

Mulberry trees are native to both North America and Asia. In North America, the fruitless tree is found mainly in the eastern half of the United States and Canada. In Asia, the mulberry tree is the only food of the silkworm. A favored shade tree, growing from 20 to 60 feet tall at maturity, the fruitless mulberry is used extensively in both urban and country landscapes. Drought and heat tolerant, the mulberry tree tolerates a wide range of soil conditions and is resistant to many common tree diseases.

Mulberry wood

The mulberry tree (Morus alba) is a deciduous species with bright green, lobed leaves of various sizes and shapes, all on the same tree. The tree produces heavy, gnarled surface roots that are harvested and used for lamp bases, picture frames or other artistic home decor items. The roots are scraped or peeled to expose the fine wood grain and color of the wood--a brilliant yellow sapwood with a pale tan heart. Mulberry wood will darken when exposed to sunlight.

Pliability

Mulberry wood is frequently used for sports equipment.Mulberry wood, also called murrey, is prized for its use in crafting fine furniture. Fruitless mulberry wood is tight-grained, attractive and easy to work with. Mulberry wood bends and forms easily with heat or steam. Similar to ash, mulberry has a "springy" quality that makes the wood a favorite for manufacturing sports equipment such as baseball bats and bows. The wood can be readily turned on a lathe without splitting.

Other Uses

Mulberry wood barrels

Mulberry wood is also used extensively in the manufacture of agricultural implements and barrels. Because mulberry wood is easily bent and formed, it lends itself to rounded configuration of barrels, buckets and yokes. The pliable, easily bent twigs of the mulberry tree are often used to make beautiful baskets. The twigs have a deep reddish-gold coloration and twisted character prized by wood artisans.

Sap

Mature mulberry tree

Mulberry trees produce a thick milky sap when cut. The sap makes the tree somewhat difficult to cut and will damage saw blades. The sap is difficult to remove from hands and clothing.

Read more: Wood Properties of the Fruitless Mulberry Tree | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6148288_wood-properties-fruitless-mulberry-tree.html#ixzz1SbsgpMjs

Red Mulberry Tree Facts

The red mulberry tree differs from its close cousin, the white mulberry, in that it is a native tree, growing in much of the eastern United States. Red mulberry trees produce a fruit that is an ingredient in jams, muffins, pies, and many other recipes.

Leaves

The red mulberry is easily identified by an unusual aspect of its leaves--on the same tree, the leaves can have very different shapes, some oval and others having two or more lobes.

Size

The trunk of the typical red mulberry has a diameter between 2 and 3 feet. The height of the tree can be between 60 and 70 feet if the mulberry grows in an open area.

Texture

The upper side of a red mulberry leaf feels rough to the touch. On the other side, the leaf is fuzzy.

Berries

The juicy berries ripen to a dark red-black color during the summer and grow as long as 1.5 inches.

Sexes

You can tell the sex of a mulberry tree by its flowers. The tree is dioecious, which means it has male or female reproductive parts. The males have flowers that are cream colored, while the female has flowers that are green; only the female mulberry tree will develop fruit

Read more: Red Mulberry Tree Facts

eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_6177404_red-mulberry-tree.html#ixzz1Sbb4kBbP

Mulberry Tree Facts II

Mulberry trees are originally native to Eastern and Central China and later spread to Europe. Nowadays, this loved tree and its berries have been introduced to many countries around the world.

Mulberries.

"Nature's open palm" is Copyrighted by Flickr user: lepiaf.geo (Gordana Adamovic-Mladenovic) under the Creative Commons Attribution license.

Types

The mulberry tree has two main species, native red mulberry (Morus Rubra) and Asian white mulberry (Morus Alba). Other species include the American and black mulberry while cross species exist, as well.

Height

Mulberry tree heights vary depending on the species. White mulberry trees can grow between 40 feet to 80 feet tall and the native red mulberry grows up to 70 feet tall. The smallest mulberry tree, the black mulberry, typically grows as a bush that measures 30 feet high.

Flowers

From the flowers it can be determined that mulberry trees are dioecious or monoecious, male or female, and sometimes will change from one sex to another. Round female flowers are the ones that will become the fruit or the berries.

Fruits

White mulberries are white with visible little black seeds on the outside of the berry. Red mulberries become dark purples, almost black when ripe and start to fall off of the tree themselves.

Growing Facts

Mulberry trees need space, a lot of sun, and can take up to 10 years to grow fruit. They should be planted at least 15 feet apart giving each tree adequate space.

Read more: Mulberry Tree Facts

eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_5553191_mulberry-tree.html#ixzz1SbZVSBgt

Kegunaan pokok Malberi di Laos untuk buat kertas dan kraf

Tenunan, sulaman kemahiran wanita Laos

Oleh ROSMAH DAIN (Yang mengikuti lawatan ke Ho Chi Minh dan Hanoi, Vietnam dan Luang Prabang, Laos bersama Poto Travel & Tours Sdn. Bhd.)

SEBAGAIMANA negara-negara lain di dunia, golongan wanita luar bandar di Laos turut bekerja bagi menjana ekonomi menerusi pelbagai kemahiran yang dimiliki setanding dengan kelulusan. Begitu juga di daerah Luang Prabang, Laos yang mana 90 peratus daripada golongan wanitanya membantu mengukuhkan ekonomi keluarga menerusi kraf tangan yang dilakukan di rumah sepenuh masa. Sedang golongan lelaki melakukan kerja-kerja lebih berat membanting tulang di sawah, pembinaan dan pertanian, golongan wanita di rumah tidak hanya berpeluk tubuh. Mereka yang berkemahiran melakukan pelbagai kerja tangan termasuk menenun, menjahit, menyulam, membuat arak daripada nasi dan berniaga di pasar malam, pagi dan petang. Sesekali mereka akan ke sungai menangkap ikan yang akan dijual di pasar pagi.

Di sebuah perkampungan yang dinamakan SA Paper Handicraft Village, golongan wanitanya melakukan pekerjaan membuat kertas daripada pokok malberi. Pokok malberi yang banyak ditemui di sekitar perkampungan ini tidak dipersia-siakan oleh penduduk. Mereka menggunakan pokok ini untuk dibuat kertas, buku, cenderamata dan sebagainya.

Setelah pokok malberi ditebang, mereka akan merendam batang pokok ini selama dua malam sebelum merebusnya selama enam jam. Setelah direbus, pokok ini akan ditumbuk lumat dengan penukul kayu kemudian direndam di dalam air dengan diletakkan hiasan di atasnya. Apabila acuan ini diangkat dari air, akan tertinggal saki-baki kertas di atas acuan tadi yang kemudiannya akan dikeringkan seminggu sebelum boleh dijual.

Selain kraf tangan yang diperbuat daripada kertas malberi, seorang suri rumah, Nang, 35, melakukan tenunan skaf sepenuh masa untuk menyara ibunya, anak perempuan dan keluarganya. Manakala Chanch Thone, 52, dan Khamphiew, 68, pula menenun sutera sejak empat tahun lalu apabila suami masing-masing meninggal dunia.

Bagi Thone dia menenun untuk menyara empat orang anak-anaknya manakala Khampiew pula untuk menyara diri sendiri yang hidup sebatang kara. ''Kami mendapatkan benang tenunan sutera daripada si penjual yang masuk ke kampung seminggu sekali," jelas Thone. Begitu juga dengan Ban Xang Khong, 57, yang menenun benang kapas untuk dijadikan selendang. Selain itu dia juga membuat kertas daripada pokok pisang dan tahi gajah.

Menariknya, bagi meneruskan kesinambungan golongan wanita dalam bidang kemahiran kraf tangan, perkampungan khas disediakan kerajaan untuk mereka. Uniknya, rumah-rumah kediaman mereka dijadikan kawasan untuk menjual barangan kraf tangan secara terus dari kawasan pembuatan secara borong. Ucapan 'sabaidi' (ucapan selamat) kedengaran ketika menyapa pelancong yang berkunjung ke rumah mereka. Justeru, perkampungan seperti ini bukan sahaja dibina untuk menjana kehidupan, malah dijadikan tempat menarik untuk pelancong berkunjung.

Sumber:utusan malaysia

Majlis Pelancaran Program Keusahawanan anjuran Yayasan Al-Tarbiyah Malaysia dengan tajaan Kementerian Kemajuan Luar Bandar & Wilayah.

Tarikh : 27 Mac 2011 (Ahad) Tempat : Dewan Centrum MARA, Tingkat 5, Taman Setiawangsa, Kuala Lumpur Waktu : 9.00 am - 5.00 pm Majlis merangkumi: i) Perasmian oleh YB Menteri Kemajuan Luar Bandar & Wilayah; ii) Ceramah Keusahawanan oleh Y Bhg Tan Sri Dato' Muhammad Ali bin Hashim, Timbalan Presiden Dewan Perdagangan Islam Malaysia; iii) Peluang-peluang keusahawanan; iv) Berbagai booth penerangan dan perniagaan Jumpa Booth saya disana berkaitan produk Malberi

Klinik Usahawan PKNS : Revolusi Sektor PErtanian

Klinik usahawan PKNS anjuran PKNS bersama PDN Resources Sdn Bhd dijalankan pada esok pagi iaitu : Tarikh : 23hb. Mac 2011 MAsa : 8.30 pagi -5.00 ptg Tempat : Hotel De palma Shah Alam Ada seminar keusahawanan dalam bidang pertanian beserta pameran iks . Jumpa saya disana utk produk berasaskan malberi

Pelbagai Penghasilan Prosuk dari Pokok Malberi @ Mulberry

Jus Malberi boleh diminum terus

Pelbagai produk seperti Teh Malberi, Jus Malberi dan Jem Malberi.Dapatkan produk tersebut di daerah Sg. Buloh.Call 0192272127

Kursus Tanaman Malberi pada Sabtu ni bertarikh 12hb. Mac 2011

Berminat untuk mempelajari pasal tanaman malberi dan khasiatnya serta kepentingannya.Jangan lepaskan peluang belajar cara-cara penanaman secara praktikal di Sg. Buloh. Hanya 2 jam setengah sahaja iaitu bermula jam 8.30 pg dan tamat jam 11.00 pagi. Insya-Allah ,anda telah mahir. Yuran hanya rm80.00 sahaja.Tempat hanya 8 orang sahaja.berminat call 0192272127

Nilai Nutrisi Mulberry

1. Karbohidrat (dalam bentuk gula, terutama glukosa dan fruktosa) - 7,8-9,2% 2. Protein (dengan asid amino esensial) - 15% menjadi 28% 3. Asid lemak seperti asid linoleat, stearat, dan oleik - 0,4 to0.5% 4. Asid malik, menghasilkan rasa masam - 1,1 to1.9% 5. Serat - 0,9 to1.4% 6. Kalsium - 1.8 menjadi 2,4% 7. Fosforus - 0,14-0,24% 8. Kalium - 1,90-2,87% pada daun, 1,33% pada muda to1.53 batang 9. Magnesium - 0,47-0,63% pada daun, 0,26-0,35% pada batang muda Khasiatnya: 1. Malberi adalah sumber yang kaya dengan potasium, yang digunakan oleh tubuh untuk memberikan tenaga yang diperlukan. 2. Elemen dalam mulberry mempunyai potensi untuk membaiki kerosakan sel dan merangsang sistem imun. 3. Malberi memberi manfaat kepada mereka yang banyak menggunakan penglihatan setiap hari. 4. Kewujudan unsur berkhasiat sperti mineral dan vitamin dalam malberi membantu dalam rawatan kronik. 5. Malberi membantu proses pencernaan berjalan dengan lancar serta menambah selera makan. 6. Malberi digunakan untuk mengubati gastrik yang kronik dan hepatitis yang kronik. 7. Jus malberi boleh membantu menyembuhkan masalah kesihatan seperti insomnia, jantung berdebar-debar, pucat dan anemia. 8. Orang yang rambutnya beruban juga boleh mendapat manfaat dengan jus malberi yang diterapkan secara langsung pada kepala supaya boleh mendorong pertumbuhan rambut dan menghitamkan rambut. 9. Malberi dapat membantu mengurangkan tekanan darah tinggi. 10. Pengambilan malberi secara teratur boleh membantu menguatkan bahagian tubuh seperti hati dan ginjal. 11. Malberi sangat membantu dalam mengubati sembelit. 12. Wanita selepas melahirkan anak disarankan mengambil malberi untuk kesihatan tubuh badan. 13. Malberi dapat merendahkan paras kolestrol dalam badan. 14. Malberi boleh digunakan untuk mencegah kanser hati. 15. Malberi sangat membantu dalam mengurangkan gula dalam darah. Sumber:http://annfrendlygarden.blogspot.com

Anak pokok malberi dan pokok Malberi Dewasa For Sale

Sesiapa yang ingin anak pokok seperti di atas boleh datang sendiri di Sg Buloh. Call 0192272127

Malberi berbuah lagi

Buat masa ni pokok malberi tengah berbuah dan majoritinya telah masak dan telah dipetik.Buahnya manis jika hitam dan masam jika merah.Berminat untuk menanam cALL saya /sms 0192272127

Rakan Niaga Tanaman Malberi

Saya sekarang sedang mengumpul pengusaha tanaman malberi walaupun secara kecilan bagi mengukuhkan plan pemasaran saya untuk tujuan komersil.Sesiapa yang berminat untuk tanaman ini terutamanya area selangor ke selatan, boleh hubungi saya dengan segera 0192272127. Tanaman ini mempunyai nilai komersil yang tinggi cuma kapasiti di Malaysia masih belum dapat menampung permintaan yang ada tetapi orang Cina dah ada yang tanam beratus ekar dan di komersilkan ke luar negara, orang kita masih jauh ke belakang dan tak nak bersatu, kalau bersatu pun tikam dari belakang.

Ini hakikat sebenar yang berlaku dalam bidang pertanian di negara kita.Saya memerlukan individu yang betul-betul berminat dan sanggup bersama2 dalam tanaman ini. Sekian celoteh saya.

Jualan anak pokok Malberi dan pokok Malberi Dewasa

buat masa ni kami ada stok anak pokok malberi berjumlah 2000 polibag dan pokok besar (dlm polibag) hanya tinggal 2 shj.Sesiapa yang berminat utk pembelian tersebut , boleh hubungi saya 0192272127. harga Promosi RM5 utk anak pokok antara 1 kaki ke 2 kaki dan pokok besar rm90 (sudah keluar buah).Promosi ini sah sehingga 7 Februari 2011 dan sehingga stok masih ada.

World Distribution and Utilization of Mulberry, Potential for Animal Feeding

World Distribution and Utilization of Mulberry, Potential for Animal Feeding

Manuel D. Sánchez

Animal Production Officer Animal Production and Health Division FAO, Rome, Italy

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Introduction

The scientific name of Mulberry is Morus spp., a genus belonging to the Moraceae Family of the Urticales Subclass, and it is usually associated with sericulture, the production of silk with the silkworm (Bombyx mori). The domestication of mulberry must have started several thousands of years ago as a requirement for silkworm rearing (FAO, 1990).

Considering that the silk trade has been going on for a long time throughout the Old World, and that this plant is also cultivated for its fruit and for landscaping, mulberry germplasm has been taken to a lot of countries, and it now has a very wide distribution range in Asia-Europe (from Korea to Spain, including China, India, Central Asia and Near East); in Africa (North and East Africa) and in America (from the U.S.A. to Argentina, including Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Brazil). The origins of most cultivated mulberry varieties are believed to be in the area of China-Japan and in the Himalaya foothills.

Silk production was important in Europe during the 19^th and early 20^th Centuries, as it was in Japan and Korea up to the middle of the 20^th Century. Silk production nowadays is dominated by China and India.

Although in some countries of Asia mulberry leaves have been traditionally fed to farm animals, interest in the intensive production of mulberry and its utilisation for animal production started in several countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s.The attractive biomass yields, the palatability and the exceptionally high nutritive value for ruminant and monogastric animals, have been the reasons behind the great interest in mulberry for animal feeding in recent years.

This introductory paper gives a general framework of mulberry in the world without going into specific details, which will be covered and discussed during the conference.

Species and Varieties of Mulberry

There are about 68 species in the genus Morus, and the majority of them occur in Asia (Datta, 2000). In China, there are over a thousand varieties under cultivation. They originated from four main species, the White mulberry (Morus alba), the Lu mulberry (M. multicaulis), the Mountain mulberry (M. bombycis) and the Guangdong Mulberry (M. atropurpurea) (Yongkang, 2000).

In India the main species are M. indica, M. alba, M. serrata and M. laevigata, which grow naturally in the north of the country (Ravindran et al., 1997). Most of the cultivated varieties belong to either M. indica or M. alba. In Mysore (India) The Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute keeps 223 mulberry cultivars: 78 indigenous; 44 exotic; 21 unknown and 101 elite hybrids (Sastry, 1984).

In the Republics of the ex-USSR, the most common species are M. multicaulis, M. tartarica and M. nigra (Datta, 2000). In Indonesia (West Java) there are seven species: M. alba (varieties tartanica and macrophyla), M. nigra, M. multicaulis; M.australia; M. cathyana and M. mierovra (Katsumata, 1972). In Vietnam they have over 100 varieties, mainly M. alba, M. nigra and M. laevigata (Katsumata, 1973). According to Janaki Ammal (1960) only M. rubra is native to America.

The most popular species in the world are believed to be M. alba and M. indica. These have been the subject of intensive selection from open pollination, controlled hybridization and selection and mutation breeding in several countries, resulting in over a thousand varieties including many polyploids. In Brazil there are about 90 varieties, all M. alba (de Almeida and Fonseca, 2000).

A key to the taxonomy of mulberry, as proposed by Chinese scientists will be included in a paper on mulberry in China in this conference (Yongkang, 2000)

Current Uses of Mulberry

Sericulture. The most important use of mulberry globally is for the production of the silkworm, that feeds exclusively on its leaves. The country with the largest area of mulberry is China with approximately 626,000 ha, then India with nearly 280,000 ha. Several other countries (e.g. Thailand and Brazil (35,000ha)) still have some mulberry production but on a much smaller scale.

Silk projects have and are being started in various developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Regardless of how successful or sustainable they have been, these projects have been responsible for the introduction and dissemination of mulberry varieties to different soil and climatic conditions.

Fruit. All throughout Asia, but in particular in Central Asia and in the Near East, mulberry is highly appreciated for its delicious fruit, which is consumed fresh, or in the form of juice or conserves. A few mulberry orchards also exist in Latin America.

Wood. Especially in the Indian subcontinent, mulberry wood is used for handicrafts, cabinetwork and for sporting woods (e.g. Grass-hockey sticks and tennis rackets). Its thin branches are woven into baskets.

Landscaping. In Asia, Southern Europe and in Southern U.S.A. (Tipton, 1994), mulberry trees are utilized for landscaping. Their resistance to pruning and their low water requirements, make them very suitable plants for urban conditions, house gardens, street shade and city embellishment.

Medicine. A variety of medicinal properties have been attributed to the different parts of the mulberry plant (Datta, 2000). Leaves are also dried and used in infusions in Asia (e.g. China, Thailand)

Forage. Silk producers have traditionally fed mulberry refusals, leftovers from silkworm feeding, to farm animals and to herbivorous carp in polyculture fish ponds (Gongfu et al., 1997). In this sense, farm animals are well integrated into silk production. There have even been economic studies of the combined benefits from silk and dairy production in India (Mehla et al., 1987). A review on the mulberry for animal feeding will be published in the next issue of World Animal Review (Sánchez, 2000).

In the countries south of the Himalayas, where mulberry trees occur in nature, their foliage has been part of the traditional mixed diet of domestic ruminants. In India, there have been numerous research reports on the use of mulberry residues and leaves for various domestic animals, from cows to poultry. In general terms, Indian scientists have considered mulberry foliage as medium quality forage.

Some small farmers in East Africa, mainly in Tanzania and in Kenya, harvest foliage from mulberry trees and include it as part of the diet offered to ruminants in confinement. Although its nutritive value is recognized in these countries, there has not been much planting of mulberry for this purpose.

Since the late 1980s and mainly in the late 1990s, the cultivation of mulberry as forage has expanded considerably in Latin America (LA), in Central America and in the Caribbean in particular, but it is still mainly associated with research institutions. This has been mainly the result of the initial studies done by the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) in Costa Rica and in other Central American countries (Benavides, 1994) and the expansion by a number of research and development projects. There have been, however, in other countries in LA, independent initiatives to feed mulberry leaves to various species of farm animals (e.g. Brazil, Colombia).

Mulberry Research

Extensive research on the various components of the cultivation of mulberry has been carried out in several countries, always depending on the viability of local silk production. Much work was conducted in several European countries beginning in the 19^th Century, for example France, Italy, Bulgaria, and Poland. By the middle of the 20^th Century, silk production in Europe had practically disappeared. There was also significant production and studies in Japan and Korea in the middle of the 20^th Century.

Currently, most of the mulberry research for sericulture takes place in China and India, with several institutions actively involved in both countries. For fruit and for silk production, studies are carried out in the Central Asian Republics of the ex-Soviet Union, for example in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadjikstan and Kyrgystan.

Studies on mulberry as animal feed are or have been conducted in Japan, India, Tanzania, Kenya, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, San Salvador, Guatemala, Brazil and Cuba. The most active research on mulberry for animal feeding is currently taking place in Cuba. Research includes agronomic aspects, harvesting modalities, forage preservation and animal trials.

Potential of Mulberry for Animal Production

It is not by chance that mulberry germplasm is causing so much interest as an alternative high quality feed for farm animals. Over several hundred, and perhaps thousands, of years, mulberry species and varieties have been selected and improved to feed the silkworm, which is nutritionally very demanding. The aim has been to produce greater quantities of leaves of higher quality under a wide range of conditions (in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions).

Although, in general terms, the principles of mulberry cultivation for sericulture purposes should apply to its cultivation as forage for feeding farm animals, there are certain important differences. Frequency of harvesting and in particular planting density, can be intensified if the goal is to feed ruminants, since the quality is already high enough and the main purpose would be to increase overall biomass yields. The issue of maintenance of soil fertility and plant persistence become important is huge quantities of nutrients are extracted from the soil in the biomass under cut-and-carry systems.

Individual leaf picking, as is commonly practiced for silkworm feeding, could be only justified for small scale or family units of mini-livestock, e.g. snails, guinea pigs or rabbits. Mechanical harvest might be more appropriate for ruminant feeding in larger operations.

Feeding ruminants. The urgent need for a high quality feed for ruminants in the tropics, in particular for small ruminants, and the excellent characteristics of mulberry, are the justifications for the great enthusiasm for its intensive cultivation and use as a supplement for cattle, and as the main feed for goats.

The nutritional quality of locally produced mulberry leaves is equivalent to that of grain-based concentrates. Thus, they are an ideal supplement in most forage diets.

The greatest impact of mulberry on livestock productivity is to be expected in dairy cattle sector in the tropical regions.

Feeding mini-livestock. The nutritive value of mulberry leaves becomes greater in inverse proportion to animal size, since metabolic rate and hence nutrient requirements decrease with size (to the power of 0.75). Mulberry leaves should be the preferred feed for guinea pigs, rabbits and perhaps snails. The performance of dairy goats fed mulberry-based diets in Costa Rica has been impressive (Oviedo et al., 1994). Many more excellent results are to be expected when mulberry is offered to other herbivores, small species in particular.

Mulberry for browsing. Several studies have looked at the possibility of placing mulberry for direct browsing by cattle in Italy (Talamucci and Pardini, 1993) in France (Armand and Meuret, 1995) and in Japan (Kitahara, 1999). Although the results have been promising, much work will need to be done before mulberry is incorporated into grazing systems on a large scale.

Table 1 summarizes the utilization of and research on mulberry in different parts of the world.

Table 1. Summary of mulberry utilization and research in the world.

Country	Area with mulberry (1000ha)	Utilization				Research
		Sericulture	Fruit	Forage	Other1	Agronomy	Breeding selection	Animal nutrition
Africa
Egypt	n.a.2	X	X			X
Ethiopia	n.a.	X				X
Kenya	n.a.	X		X		X		X
Madagascar	n.a.	X				X
Tanzania	n.a.			X				X
Tunissia	n.a.	X	X			X
America
Argentina	n.a.				X A
Bolivia	n.a.				X A
Brazil	38	X		X		X	X	X
Colombia	n.a.	X		X		X
Costa Rica	n.a.			X		X		X
Cuba	<1			X		X		X
Dominican R.	<1			X
El Salvador	<1			X				X
Guatemala	n.a.			X				X
Honduras	<1			X
Mexico	<1	X	X	X	X A	X		X
Panama	<1			X
Perú	n.a.				X A
Saint Vincent	<1			X
U.S.A.	n.a.				X A			X
Asia
Afganistan	n.a.			X
China	626	X			X B	X	X
India	280	X		X	X C	X	X	X
Indonesia	n.a.	X
Japan	n.a.	X	X	X	X B	X	X	X
Korea	n.a.	X		X		X	X
Kyrgystan	n.a.	X	X			X
Malaysia	n.a.	X				X
Pakistan	n.a.	X		X		X
Philippines	n.a.	X				X
Syria	n.a.		X
Tadjikistan	n.a.	X				X
Turkey	n.a.		X
Turkmenistan	n.a.	X	X			X
Vietnam	n.a.	X		X		X	X
Uzbekistan	n.a.	X				X
Europe
Bulgaria	n.a.					X
France	n.a.			X	X A	X		X
Greece	n.a.				X A
Italy	n.a.				X A	X		X
Poland	n.a.					X
Spain	n.a.				X B

¹ Other uses of mulberry: A = Landscaping & gardening; B = Medicinal & infusion; C = handicrafts & cabinetwork ² n.a. = data not available

References

Armand, D. et Meuret, M. 1995. Culture en sec et utilisation en élevage de Morus alba "kokuso 21"en provence. Rapport Final (1991-1994). Selection and utilization of cultivated fodder trees and shrubs in Mediterranean extensive livestock production systems. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France.

Benavides, J.E. 1994. Arboles y arbustos forrajeros en América Central. Volumen I. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Datta, R.K. 2000. Mulberry cultivation and utilization in India. This electronic conference.

de Almeida, J.E. and Fonseca, T.C. 2000. Revison of mulberry (Morus spp) studies in Brazil. This electronic conference.

FAO. 1990. Sericulture training manual. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 80, Rome, 117p.

FAO. 1988. Mulberry cultivation. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 73/1, Rome, 127p.

Gongfu, Zhong; Zengqi, Wang; and Houshui, Wu. 1997, Land-water interactions of the dike-pond system. Presses Universitaires de Namur, Namur, Belgique, 130p.

Janaki Ammal, E.K. 1960. The effect of Himalayan uplift on the genetic composition of the flora in Asia. J.I.B.S. 39(3):327-333. Cited by Sastry, 1984.

Katsumata, 1972. Mulberry species in West Java and their peculiarities. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 42(3):213-223. Cited by Sastry, 1984.

Katsumata, 1973. Mulberry species in South Vietnam. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 42 (1):81-88. Cited by Sastry, 1984.

Kitahara, N. 1999. Utilization of fodder tree for the production of milk and meat (3). Livestock Research. Vol. 53(9):969-972 (In Japanese)

Mehla, R.K.; Patel, R.K. and Tripathi, V.N. 1987. A model for sericulture and milk production. Agricultural Systems 25: 125-133.

Oviedo, F.J.; Benavides, J.E. & Vallejo, M. 1994. Evaluación bioeconómica de un módulo agroforestal con cabras en el trópico húmedo. En: Benavides, J. Arboles y arbustos forrajeros en América Central. Volumen I. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. p601-629.

Sánchez, M. D. 2000. Mulberry, an exceptional forage available almost worldwide!. Word Animal Review 93 (in press).

Sastry, C.R. 1984. Mulberry varieties, explotation and pathology. Sericologia 24(3):333-359.

Ravindran, S.; Ananda Rao, A.; Girish Naik, V.; Tikander, A.; Mukherjee, P. and Thangavelu, K. 1997. Distribution and variation in mulberry germplasm. Indian J. Pant Genetic Resources 10(2):233-242.

Talamucci, P. and Pardini, A. 1993. Possibility of combined utilization of Morus alba and Trifolium subterraneum in Tuscan Maremma (Italy) In: Management of mediterranean shrublands and related forage resources. REUR Technical Series 28, FAO, Rome, p206-209.

Tipton, J. 1994. Relative drought resistance among selected southwestern landscape plants. Journal of Arboriculture 20(3):151-155.

Yongkang, H. 2000. Mulberry cultivation in China. This electronic conference.