tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30767205818099750742024-03-13T20:56:10.800-07:00Mulberry MalaysiaPusat informasi dan pengumpulan maklumat berkaitan tanaman mulberry/malberi di Malaysia dan antarabangsa di samping mengusahakan tanaman malberi secar kecilan serta agen penjualan hasilan malberi. Hubungi 019-2272127 utk maklumat lanjut.putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.comBlogger73125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-42887630399352410642016-08-31T19:58:00.003-07:002016-08-31T19:58:51.047-07:00Lelongan benih malberi murah giler<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">Pihak kami membuat promosi jualan keratan batang malberi . </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Hanya rm10 anda akan dapat 10 batang keratan termasuk pos laju (saya bagi extra lagi.....</span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">Berminat call/sms/waszap 0192272127. Kalau nak beli lebih pun boleh promosi giler2 sekarang. Jangan lepaskan peluang ini sehingga Oktober 2016 sahaja.</span></div>
putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-30672348150945599802015-10-10T16:41:00.002-07:002015-10-10T16:41:41.050-07:0023 Amazing Benefits Of Mulberries For Skin, Hair And HealthRujukan : <a href="http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/amazing-health-benefits-of-mulberries/2/">http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/amazing-health-benefits-of-mulberries/2/</a><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Mulberries are delicious and nutritious berries that are enjoyed by people all over the world. Mulberries are produced from Morus Alba Tree. It is a naturally sweet fruit that looks quite similar to blackberry and tastes like grapefruit. Mulberry grows on trees and is cultivated in warm regions of Asia, Africa and America. There are several varieties of Mulberries which include red, black and blue versions of the fruit. Mulberry fruit is usually eaten in a dried form. It is a versatile fruit and can be easily integrated in various recipes.</div>
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The leaves of mulberry tree contains nutrients that are used as a food for silkworms and grows in bunches called “drupes”. It is also used for different medicinal properties, such as hair loss remedy, as anti-inflammatory and as an anti-biotic.</div>
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Read below to know more on mulberry benefits:</div>
<h2>
Nutritional Value:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Mulberry is a powerhouse of nutrients and is an excellent source of protein. 3 ounces of mulberry has 9 grams of protein.</li>
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<li>Mulberry is a huge source of iron, calcium, Vitamin A, C, E and K, Folate, thiamine, Pyridoxine, Niacin and fiber.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>The antioxidants found in mulberry repairs free radicals. Resveratrol, an antioxidant, is found plentiful in mulberries. It helps to promote heart health and overall vitality.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<ul>
<li>Mulberry is also rich polynutrients like anthocyanin, flavonoids, lutein, zea-xanthin, B carotene and A carotene.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2>
Mulberry fruit Health benefits:</h2>
Mulberry is considered an important remedy in Chinese medicines. The health benefits of mulberry can be derived from its juice which is full of Vitamins, Minerals and anti-oxidants.<br />
<br />
<h3>
1. Cures Certains Diseases:</h3>
The rich anthocyanin that is found in the fruits has curative properties for certain diseases and is also used as natural food colorant.<br />
<h3>
2. Prevents Cancers:</h3>
Mulberries are a good source of resveratrol, a potent phytonutrient that researchers believe to prevent cancer. It contains high level of anti-oxidants which stunts the growth of prostrate cells and tumour growth.<br />
<h3>
3. Reduces Risk Of Blood Clots And Strokes:</h3>
Mulberries are known to improve blood circulation and are beneficial as an anti-inflammatory that helps to lower the blood pressure and makes you less susceptible to blood clots and strokes. Mulberry juice may help to alleviate some of the symptoms if you suffer from anaemia. In addition to all, these help to prevent heart diseases.<br />
<h3>
4. Cleanses Blood:</h3>
n Chinese medicine, mulberries are considered as a blood tonic. They cleanse the blood, improving its circulation and helps in strengthening the entire system. It enriches the blood in the process while soothing and calming the nerves. It also helps in promoting the metabolism of alcohol.<br />
<h3>
5. Cleanses Liver And Strengthens Kidney:</h3>
Mulberries are noted to strengthen Kidneys and cleanse the liver.<br />
<h3>
6. Prevents Flu And Cold:</h3>
Mulberry is high in Vitamin C and flavonoids which makes it a natural immune booster and prevents flu, cough and cold and other ailments. Mulberry also helps with gastritis problem and chronic hepatitis.<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
[ Read: <a href="http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/top-10-health-benefits-of-grapes/"><strong>Top Health Benefits Of Grapes</strong></a> ]</div>
<a href="http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/amazing-health-benefits-of-mulberries/" rel="attachment wp-att-227540"><span class="imgshare_buttons"><picture><!--[if IE 9]><video style="display: none;"><![endif]--> <source media="(min-width: 520px)" srcset="http://cdn2.stylecraze.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/benefits-of-mulberry-extract-on-skin.jpg"></source><source media="(min-width: 320px)" srcset="http://cdn2.stylecraze.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/benefits-of-mulberry-extract-on-skin-520x307.jpg"></source><source srcset="http://cdn2.stylecraze.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/benefits-of-mulberry-extract-on-skin-320x189.jpg"></source> <!--[if IE 9]></video><![endif]--> <img alt="benefits of mulberry extract on skin" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-227540" height="355" src="http://cdn2.stylecraze.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/benefits-of-mulberry-extract-on-skin.jpg" srcset="http://cdn2.stylecraze.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/benefits-of-mulberry-extract-on-skin-320x189.jpg" title="benefits of mulberry extract on skin" width="600" /></picture> <span class="imgshare_buttons_wrap"><span class="imgshare_pin" style="display: block; left: 225px; top: 89.5px;"></span><span class="imgshare_fb" style="display: block; left: 225px; top: 179.5px;"></span></span> </span></a><br />
<h3>
7. Speeds Up Recovery:</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Mulberry juice is extremely beneficial for post-operative patients. It accelerates healing, improves blood circulation and prevents the onset of infection. It is often used to speed up recovery after birth and is used as an inflammatory solution after surgery.</div>
<h3>
8. Controls Blood Sugar:</h3>
Mulberries contain compounds that support balanced sugar and control blood sugar in diabetic patients. Flavonoid present in mulberries prevents the rise and fall of sugar level in patients. So it is highly effective to prevent complication in diabetic patients due to sugar level spike.<br />
<h3>
9. Maintains Heart Health:</h3>
Eating mulberries proves beneficial to the heart’s health. It strengthens the nervous system and reduces bad cholesterol thus preventing the blockage in flow of blood. So it is highly effective in preventing heart attacks and strokes.<br />
<h3>
10. Controls Cholesterol:</h3>
Eating mulberry on regular basis will keep the cholesterol level within limits.<br />
<h3>
11. Enhances Appetite:</h3>
Regular consumption of mulberry improves the digestive system, enhancing the appetite level.<br />
<h3>
12. Enhances Immunity:</h3>
Mulberry can balance internal secretion and enhance the immunity. It promotes proper body fluid production. It also helps people who suffer from dehydration. People suffering from body fluid deficiency should take ten milligrams of mulberry daily.<br />
<h3>
13. Improves Vision:</h3>
Drinking a glass of mulberry juice also improves vision. It has a high content of Vitamin A which strengthens our eye sight and relieves eye strain, which is ideal for people who spend hours on computer. It also protects eyes from free radicals which is the cause of eye sight loss and retina degeneration.<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
[ Read: <a href="http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/amazing-health-benefits-of-pears/"><strong>Amazing Health Benefits Of Pears</strong></a> ]</div>
<h2>
Mulberry: Skin Benefits</h2>
<h3>
14. Anti-Ageing Properties:</h3>
Mulberries, like other berries, are rich in anti-oxidants which are renowned as effective anti-aging agents.<br />
<h3>
15. Clears Skin:</h3>
It has properties that help in clearing out dark spots and other blemishes on the facial skin.<br />
<h3>
16. Rejuvenates Skin:</h3>
The process of melanin synthesis is regulated effectively, allowing you to get the clear and bright skin that you have always wanted. Experts recommend eating the fruit or drinking mulberry tea and juice to rejuvenate your skin.<br />
<h3>
17. Treats Skin Problems:</h3>
The leaves of its tree can be left in a hot pot of water for 30 minutes or so to treat skin problems as well as colds, sore throat, fever, etc.<br />
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<h3>
18. Treats Dry And Sensitive Skin:</h3>
<div class="advert" style="text-align: left;">
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<div id="google_ads_iframe_/25351654/SC_category_inline_ATF_0__container__" style="border-image: none; border: 0pt currentColor;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="0" id="google_ads_iframe_/25351654/SC_category_inline_ATF_0__hidden__" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="google_ads_iframe_/25351654/SC_category_inline_ATF_0__hidden__" scrolling="no" src="javascript:"<html><body style='background:transparent'></body></html>"" style="border-image: none; border: 0px currentColor; display: none; vertical-align: bottom; visibility: hidden;" width="0"></iframe>Mulberry leaves can be used to treat extremely dry skin by steeping them in coconut or olive oil for a few days and applying the oil onto your skin. It can be used with lotion to treat skin that is dry and prone to irritation.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
19. Makes Skin Soft And Radiant:</h3>
You can also find bath salts and soaps made of mulberry to make your skin soft and radiant. The leaves can be used in saunas and hot baths to help open up your pores as well as detoxify your body. The steam that contains infused mulberry leaves allows your body to sweat and regulates your body’s metabolism as well.<br />
<h2>
Mulberry: Hair Benefits</h2>
<div class="advert" style="text-align: left;">
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</div>
</div>
Mulberries have properties that can help make your hair healthier. It is well-known that this berry promotes hair growth, thus preventing hair loss. It is especially good for cancer patients who have undergone chemotherapy as the hair follicles are rejuvenated by the substance extracted from the fruit.<br />
<h3>
21. Promotes Hair Growth:</h3>
If you suffer from hair loss, mulberry extracts are a safe and natural alternative to getting chemical or surgical treatments. You can apply the juice onto your hair to promote its growth.<br />
<h3>
22. Retains Hair’s Natural Colour:</h3>
The production of melanin in your hair is enhanced by mulberries. This allows you to retain your hair’s natural colour. This is great news, especially for people who suffer from premature greying of the hair. Drinking mulberry juice on a regular basis can benefit you if you wish to have healthy hair, whether it is greying or not.<br />
<div class="advert" style="text-align: center;">
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<h2>
How to select and store mulberries:</h2>
Mature white and red mulberries can be found during the later part of spring or during the early stage of the summer season. Black mulberries mature only at the end of summer. Once the berries are ripe, it is best to harvest them as it is well-known that birds will get to them quickly. If you are buying them from a store, you should make sure that they are plump and have a rich colour. Unless you are getting white mulberries, make it a point to avoid mulberries that are pale in colour as this shows that they have not ripened yet.<br />
If you have a mulberry tree, it is not a hard task to harvest the fruits. All you need is a tarp to cover the ground under its branches and shake them to make the berries fall on the tarp. If it is time for the fruits to mature, you will need to repeat the process every alternate day.<br />
Once you have collected the berries, put them into baskets. Remember not to make the baskets too full as the ones at the bottom will get crushed, ruining them. The next step is to store them in containers that are airtight. You can wash the berries before storing them or wash them before you use them. These fruits can be stored in your refrigerator for about 3 days. If freezing them after harvest is better for you, you can wash and dry them gently by patting them with a soft cloth or tissue and store them in a sealed bag. You can leave mulberries in your freezer for about 3 months.<br />
<h2>
Tips for usage:</h2>
As mentioned earlier, mulberries and their leaves can be used to make teas and other beverages. Apart from this, they make great fillings for pies as well as a wide range of delicious desserts. Of all the berries that exist, mulberries have the highest content of anti-oxidants, making them healthy no matter how you prepare them. Mulberry smoothies taste sumptuous. You can add them to your daily diet to make sure that your cholesterol levels stay stable. It will also ensure that your body gets all the vital nutrients that it requires to stay healthy and strong.<br />
Eating mulberries can help prevent many diseases that affect the liver, kidneys as well as lungs. Experts recommend drinking a glass of fresh mulberry juice on a daily basis to detoxify your body. There are many different ways that you can use this berry in your diet. The fruit and leaves have beneficial properties that you can use to promote overall health.<br />
If you are looking for a natural way to cleanse your body, get glowing skin and strong healthy hair, mulberries are the best choice. Every part of your body benefits from this amazing berry, so it is definitely a must to add it to your diet!<br />
<h2>
Mulberries Nutrient Chart: (USDA)</h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="withBorder" style="width: 90%;"><thead>
<tr style="background: rgb(227, 108, 10);"><td width="442"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Nutrient</strong></div>
</td><td width="96"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Unit</strong></div>
</td><td width="133"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Value per 100.0g </strong></div>
</td><td width="125"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>1 cup 140g</strong></div>
</td><td width="153"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>10 fruit 15g</strong></div>
</td></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr style="background: rgb(227, 108, 10);"><td valign="top"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Proximates</strong></div>
</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Water</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">87.68</td><td align="center" valign="top">122.75</td><td align="center" valign="top">13.15</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Energy</td><td align="center" valign="top">kcal</td><td align="center" valign="top">43</td><td align="center" valign="top">60</td><td align="center" valign="top">6</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Protein</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.44</td><td align="center" valign="top">2.02</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.22</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Total lipid (fat)</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.55</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.06</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Carbohydrate, by difference</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">9.80</td><td align="center" valign="top">13.72</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.47</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Fiber, total dietary</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.7</td><td align="center" valign="top">2.4</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.3</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Sugars, total</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">8.10</td><td align="center" valign="top">11.34</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.22</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(227, 108, 10);"><td valign="top"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Minerals</strong></div>
</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Calcium, Ca</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">39</td><td align="center" valign="top">55</td><td align="center" valign="top">6</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Iron, Fe</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.85</td><td align="center" valign="top">2.59</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.28</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Magnesium, Mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">18</td><td align="center" valign="top">25</td><td align="center" valign="top">3</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Phosphorus, P</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">38</td><td align="center" valign="top">53</td><td align="center" valign="top">6</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Potassium, K</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">194</td><td align="center" valign="top">272</td><td align="center" valign="top">29</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Sodium, Na</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">10</td><td align="center" valign="top">14</td><td align="center" valign="top">2</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Zinc, Zn</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(227, 108, 10);"><td valign="top"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Vitamins</strong></div>
</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">36.4</td><td align="center" valign="top">51.0</td><td align="center" valign="top">5.5</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Thiamin</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.029</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.041</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.004</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Riboflavin</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.101</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.141</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.015</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Niacin</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.620</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.868</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.093</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Vitamin B-6</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.050</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.070</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.008</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Folate, DFE</td><td align="center" valign="top">µg</td><td align="center" valign="top">6</td><td align="center" valign="top">8</td><td align="center" valign="top">1</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Vitamin B-12</td><td align="center" valign="top">µg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.00</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Vitamin A, RAE</td><td align="center" valign="top">µg</td><td align="center" valign="top">1</td><td align="center" valign="top">1</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Vitamin A, IU</td><td align="center" valign="top">IU</td><td align="center" valign="top">25</td><td align="center" valign="top">35</td><td align="center" valign="top">4</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.87</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.22</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Vitamin D (D2 + D3)</td><td align="center" valign="top">µg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.0</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Vitamin D</td><td align="center" valign="top">IU</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Vitamin K (phylloquinone)</td><td align="center" valign="top">µg</td><td align="center" valign="top">7.8</td><td align="center" valign="top">10.9</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.2</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(227, 108, 10);"><td valign="top"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Lipids</strong></div>
</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Fatty acids, total saturated</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.027</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.038</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.004</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Fatty acids, total monounsaturated</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.041</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.057</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.006</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated</td><td align="center" valign="top">g</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.207</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.290</td><td align="center" valign="top">0.031</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(230, 238, 213);"><td valign="top">Cholesterol</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td></tr>
<tr style="background: rgb(227, 108, 10);"><td valign="top"><div align="center" style="color: white;">
<strong>Other</strong></div>
</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top">Caffeine</td><td align="center" valign="top">mg</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td><td align="center" valign="top">0</td></tr>
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putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-22183374394183878062015-07-25T22:10:00.004-07:002015-07-25T22:10:55.846-07:00Artikel Bahasa Inggeris : Mulberries nutrition facts<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: darkgreen; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;">
<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Refreshingly succulent, tart and sweet mulberries are indeed rich in numerous health benefiting flavonoid phyto-nutrients. Botanically, they are the berries obtained from the silkworm tree belonging to the</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Moraceae</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">family, within the genus:</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Morus.</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Scientific name:</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Morus nigra. L.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">In Spanish, they are known as</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">moras.</i></h2>
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More than hundred species of morus exist. In taxonomy, species generally are identified not by the color of their fruits (berries) but by the color of flower buds, and leaves. So, a morus plant can exhibit different color berries (black, purple, red, white, etc.) in the same plant.</div>
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<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: darkgreen; font-size: 0.7em; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;"><img align="middle" alt="white or chinese mulberry" src="http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/image-files/140x140xwhite-mulberry.jpg.pagespeed.ic.VP3CSqS9wp.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; box-sizing: border-box; height: 140px; vertical-align: middle; width: 140px;" /></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: darkgreen; font-size: 0.7em; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;"><img align="middle" alt="white mulberry flowers" src="http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/image-files/162x140xmulberry-flowers.jpg.pagespeed.ic.KEaKf0x0Uz.jpg" style="border: 1px solid; box-sizing: border-box; height: 140px; vertical-align: middle; width: 162px;" /></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: darkgreen; font-size: 0.7em; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;">Mulberry-<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Morus alba.</i><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />A white mulberry plant can have different color fruits.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: darkgreen; font-size: 0.7em; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;">Moras buds and flowers.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Photo courtesy: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mauroguanandi/3539594171/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">mauroguanandi.</a></td></tr>
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Three species have been recognized for their economic importance.</div>
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White mulberry (Morus alba) is native to eastern and central China.</div>
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Red or American mulberry (Morus rubra) is native to eastern United States.</div>
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Black mulberry (Morus nigra) is native to western Asia.</div>
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Mulberries are large, deciduous trees native to the warm, temperate, and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Technically, mulberry fruit is an aggregation of small fruits arranged concentrically around the central axis as in blackberry or loganberries. Each fruit measures 2-5 cm in length. In most species, mulberries are purple-red when ripen; however, they can be white, red, purple or multiple variegated colors in the same fruit.</div>
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Health benefits of mulberries</h3>
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Delicious, fleshy, succulent mulberries are less in calories (just 43 calories per 100 g). They compose of health promoting phyto-nutrient compounds like polyphenol pigment antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins that are essential for optimum health.</div>
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Mulberries have significantly high amounts of phenolic flavonoid phytochemicals called <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">anthocyanins.</span> Scientific studies have shown that consumption of berries have potential health effects against cancer, aging and neurological diseases, inflammation, diabetes, and bacterial infections.</div>
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The berries contain <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">resveratrol,</span> another polyphenol flavonoid antioxidant. Resveratrol protects against stroke risk by altering molecular mechanisms in the blood vessels; reducing their susceptibility to damage through reduced activity of angiotensin (a systemic hormone causing blood vessel constriction that would elevate blood pressure) but potentiating production of the vasodilator hormone, <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">nitric oxide.</i></div>
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In addition, these berries are an excellent sources of vitamin-C (36.4 mg per 100, about 61% of RDI), which is also a powerful natural antioxidant. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin-C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents, counter inflammation and scavenge harmful free radicals.</div>
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Further, the berries also contain small amounts of vitamin A, and vitamin E, in addition to the above-mentioned antioxidants. Consumption of mulberry provides another group of health promoting flavonoid polyphenolic antioxidants such as <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">lutein, zea-xanthin, ß-carotene and a-carotene</i> in small but notably significant amounts. Altogether, these compounds help act as protect from harmful effects of oxygen-derived free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a role in aging and various disease processes.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Zea-xanthin,</span> an important dietary carotenoid selectively concentrates into the retinal macula lutea, where it thought to provide antioxidant functions and protects the retina from the harmful ultraviolet rays through light-filtering actions.</div>
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Mulberries are an excellent source of iron, which is a rare feature among berries, contain 1.85 mg/100 g of fruits (about 23% of RDI). Iron, being a component of hemoglobin inside the red blood cells, determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.</div>
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They also good source of minerals like potassium, manganese, and magnesium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure. Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme, <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">superoxide dismutase.</i></div>
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They are rich in B-complex group of vitamins and vitamin K. Contain very good amounts of vitamin B-6, niacin, riboflavin and folic acid. These vitamins are function as co-factors and help body in the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fats.</div>
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Selection and storage</h4>
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<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: darkgreen; font-size: 0.7em; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;">Mulberries.</td></tr>
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In the local stores, look for fleshy berries flavorful and heavy in hands. Avoid bruised, bleeding and sunken berries.</div>
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Mulberries spoil rather quickly. Once at home, preserve them in a zip pouch unwashed, and place inside the refrigerator where they stay fresh for up to 2-3 days. To eat, wash the berries in cold water in a container (bowl) instead of in running water. This way, you avoid injuring them. This method also brings the berries to room temperature and enhances their flavor and taste.</div>
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Preparation and serving methods</h4>
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After cleaning, gently pat them dry using soft cloth. Take care not to squeeze or press the berries, else they will deface, and stain cloth, hand, etc. Then, trim away its stem end by simply pinching off with fingers or either using a small scissors or paring knife.</div>
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The berries have found their unique place in the kitchen, be it a simple mulberry pie, or somewhat, more complicated mulberry wine. They are also favored in variety of recipes.</div>
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Here are some serving tips:</div>
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Fresh mulberries are generally eaten as they are, without any seasonings/additions.</div>
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They combine well with other berry salads.</div>
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They can be a great snack between meals.</div>
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Mulberries are favored in jams, jellies, tart syrups, etc.</div>
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Dried mulberries can be used in pie fillings, mulberry muffins, cookies, cakes, etc.</div>
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They are used in ice-creams, smoothies and yogurt as in <a href="http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/strawberries.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration: none;">strawberries</a>, <a href="http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/raspberry.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration: none;">raspberries,</a> etc.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Rujukan : <a href="http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/mulberries.html">http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/mulberries.html</a></span></span></div>
putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-75919103197178894992015-07-25T21:54:00.002-07:002015-07-25T21:54:21.713-07:00KHASIAT BUAH MULBERRY<div class="title" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, 'Century gothic', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px;">
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, 'Century gothic', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Khasiat buah Mulberry ialah :</b></h2>
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1. Pokok Mulberry adalah makanan utama ulat sutera terutama daunnya. Maka disebabkan itulah jika di Malaysia, daun pokok Mulberry dikenali sebagai daun ulat sutera atau besaram.</div>
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2. Buah Mulberry mengandungi asid sitrik, gula dan vitamin C. Daun Mulberry pula mengandungi adenin, amilas, asid suksinik, karotena dan kolin. Biji Mulberry mengandungi ureas.</div>
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3. Kulit akar pokok mulberi mengandungi beta-amirin, minyak meruap, resinotanol dan sitosterol.</div>
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4. Bagi masyarakat di negara China, selain buahnya boleh dimakan segar atau dibuat jem, terdapat juga kegunaan lain. Secara tradisionalnya, buah Mulberry telah digunakan sebagai agen ubatan bagi memberi khasiat kepada yin dan darah, memberi kebaikan kepada buah pinggang dan merawat masalah lemah, keletihan, anemia dan masalah rambut beruban.</div>
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5. Buah Mulberry turut digunakan untuk merawat masalah ketidak-bolehan mengawal keluarnya air kencing, pening dan masalah sembelit warga tua.</div>
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6. Buah yang telah dikeringkan juga boleh dijadikan sebagai pengganti raisin.</div>
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7. Buah Mulberry juga dikatakan mampu memberi khasiat dan merangsang penghasilan cecair badan. Mereka yang mengalami masalah kekurangan cecair, mulut mereka anak kering dan lidah terasa panas. Elok juga mereka makan buah ini bagi memberi khasiat dan menambahkan cecair badan.</div>
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8. Buah mulberi ini juga sesuai kepada mereka yang mempunyai masalah mata kering akibat keletihan mata dan akibat bekerja dengan cara mengambil jus mulberi .</div>
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9. Buah mulberi juga mengandungi unsur-unsur khasiat seperti mineral dan vitamin. Dikatakan dengan memakan buah Mulberry, mampu membantu menyembuhkan penyakit kronik pada saluran pencernaan, merangsang rembesan cecair gastrik, menguatkan kebolehan bagi mencerna dan menyerap, memperbaiki selera makan dan membuang kembung perut dan sembelit.</div>
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10. Wanita yang mengalami simptom-simptom seperti anemia, kepucatan, rasa , sukar untuk tidur dan jantung berdebar-debar dengan kerap terutamanya selepas melahirkan bayi, bolehlah mengambil jus mulberi dengan kerap bagi mengurangkan simptom-simptom tersebut. Ubat kebas tangan dan kaki.</div>
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11. Daun mulberi pula dikatakan boleh direbus dan digunakan sebagai ubat mencuci mata yang merah dan bengkak. Daun yang telah kering pula dikatakan boleh dicampur dengan air mendidih atau direbus. Air ini dikatakan boleh diminum untuk tujuan membersihkan tubuh badan, merangsang peluh, ubat batuk, demam panas dan selsema. Daun yang telah dipanaskan pula dikatakan boleh disapu minyak dan dijadikan sebagai ubat tampal pada luka yang parah.</div>
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12. Bagi mereka yang mengalami masalah gigitan atau sengatan serangga, daun yang telah ditumbuk lumat boleh dijadikan sebagai ubat tampal pada bekas gigitan atau sengatan serangga tersebut.</div>
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13. Jika mengalami masalah tangan atau kaki yang , bolehlah mengambil getah daripada daun atau ranting mulberi, kemudiannya gosokkan pada bahagian yang kebas.</div>
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14. Akar pokok boleh direbus dan dijadikan sebagai air minum bagi merawat asma, batuk, busung, melawaskan pembuangan air kecil dan radang. Air rebusan kulit pokok mulberi pula dikatakan boleh diminum untuk merawat sistem pernafasan, asma, batuk, bronchitis, busung, menyingkirkan kahak dan hingus, tekanan darah tinggi, kebas tangan atau kaki.</div>
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15. Ranting kering pokok mulberi pula dikatakan boleh direbus dan dijadikan sebagai air minum bagi merawat demam panas dan mengatasi rasa sakit.</div>
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Walaupun terdapat pelbagai khasiat dan kebaikan Mulberry, namun perlulah mendapatkan nasihat daripada pengamal perubatan bagi mengelakkan kemudaratan di kemudian hari kelak.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, 'Century gothic', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read more: <a href="http://suteraungu87.blogspot.com/2013/11/khasiat-buah-mulberry.html#ixzz3gyD9tPbW" style="color: #003399; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://suteraungu87.blogspot.com/2013/11/khasiat-buah-mulberry.html#ixzz3gyD9tPbW</a></span>putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-51310458013847730102015-07-25T21:47:00.005-07:002015-07-25T21:47:56.069-07:00Buah malberi menambah sel darah merah dan antioksidan<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Buah Mulberry memang belum banyak diketahui orang di Indonesia. Buah yang bentuk fisiknya mirip dengan buah blackberry ini ternyata memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan. Tak jarang, yang sekarang beredar di pasar merupakan black mulberry yang kebanyakan orang mengira itu blackberry.<br /><br /><br />Buah berwarna merah kehitaman ini kaya akan zat besi, yang penting bagi pertumbuhan sel darah merah dan mencegah penyakit anemia. Pada setiap 100 gram mulberry terkandung 1,85mg, 23% dari asupan harian yang direkomendasikan atau setara dengan sepotong daging sirlion.<br /><br /><br />Buah ini juga merupakan buah yang kaya vitamin C dan memiliki resveratrol yang tinggi, sebuah antioksidan yang juga ditemukan pada anggur merah yang dapat membersihkan polutan dalam tubuh. <br /><br /><br />Sebuah penelitian pada tikus menemukan bahwa resveratol sangat efektif melawan tumor pada kulit, payudara, paru-paru dan prostat.</span><div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sumber: <a href="http://rumahblackmullberry.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html">http://rumahblackmullberry.blogspot.com/2012_10_01_archive.html</a></span></div>
putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-74750127100695624992014-10-05T06:04:00.001-07:002014-10-05T06:04:13.135-07:00Manfaat Kesihatan Dari Buah MalberiNutrien dalam buah malberi mengandungi manfaat untuk kesihatan tubuh. Antaranya:<br /><br /><b>Anti-oksidan </b><br />Anthocyanin adalah jenis anti-oksidan yang sangat berkesan (juga banyak terdapat dalam beras pulut/ketan hitam). Beberapa kajian sains, juga kajian-kajian yang dibiayai oleh 'National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine' dan 'National Cancer Institute' khusus keatas buah malberi, mendapati permakanan malberi (dari anthocyanin) berpotensi sebagai anti-kanser, anti-keradangan, anti penyakit jantung, anti kencing manis, anti-jangkitan penyakit, anti-penuaan dan anti-kemerosotan otak. Ia juga mengutuhkan sistem kekebalan tubuh.<br />
<br /><b>Resveratrol </b>adalah nutrien phyto (juga banyak terdapat dalam anggur) yang berkesan bagi mencegah rebakan kanser. Ia juga didapati melindungi dari strok melalui ubahsuai mekanisma molekeul dalam saluran darah, mengurangkan aktiviti angiotensin (hormon yang menyebabkan penguncupan saluran darah dan menambah tekanan darah tinggi), menambah penghasilan hormon vasodilator (nitric oxide) yang memberi isyarat perhubungan dikalangan sel-sel, dengan demikian mengurangkan kerosakan pada saluran darah. Resveratrol juga berkesan sebagai anti-penuaan.<br />
<br /><b>Lutein, zeaxanthin, ß-carotene dan α-carotene</b>.<br />
Bahan-bahan ini membantu melindungi tubuh dari kerosakan akibat dari radikal bebas, dan dari proses penuaan. Zeaxanthin, sejenis karotenoid, yang diserap oleh retina mata (macula lutea) merupakan anti-oksidan dan melindungi retina dalam proses penapisan cahaya kedalam mata.<br /><br /><b>Peredaran Darah </b><br />Buah malberi membantu mempertingkat pengaliran darah keseluruh tubuh, merendahkan tekanan darah, mengurangkan risiko pembekuan darah dan strok. Demikian menurut satu lapuran dalam "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008." <br />Kandungan zat besi yang terdapat didalam buah malberi boleh membantu pesakit anemia.<br /><br /><b>Perubatan Tradisional </b><br />Perubatan tradisional Cina - buah malberi dianggap sebagai tonik darah, dapat mencuci dan menambah darah, mencuci organ hati dari keracunan, menguat dan menyihatkan ginjal, mempertajam pendengaran dan penglihatan, dan menguatkan seluruh anggota tubuh.<br />Perubatan tradisional Turki - merawat sembelit, dan jangkitan selsema.<br />Beberapa negara mempercayai buah malberi berkesan merawat rambut beruban.<br /><br /><br />
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<b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Jom Tanam Mulberry !!!</span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sumber : <a href="http://dharmakesuma.blogspot.com/2014/03/ada-apa-pada-malberimulberry.html">http://dharmakesuma.blogspot.com/2014/03/ada-apa-pada-malberimulberry.html</a></span>putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-44108850580993398322014-10-05T05:55:00.003-07:002014-10-05T05:55:40.261-07:00Pangkas Malberi Supaya Pokok Berbuah<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pokok malberi yang biasa di tanam di perkarangan rumah biasanya dari dua variety iaitu yang menghasilkan buah putih dan yang menghasilkan buah merah. Malberi buah putih lazimnya lebih jarang berbuah berbanding dengan malberi buah merah. Malbei ada ditanam secara komersial tetapi bukan untuk buahnya. Ia ditanam untuk daunnya iaitu sebagai makanan ulat sutera.</span></div>
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Saya pernah terbaca khasiat daun malberi yang digunakan sebagai daun teh. Saya tanam malberi untuk buahnya. Pokok ini kurang popular kerana ia memakan masa selama 8 tahun untuk berbuah. Bagaimanapun anda boleh langkau masa tersebut dengan menanam pokok menggunakan keratan batang. Sebenarnya, sebaik sahaja pokok yang anda tanam (melalui keratan batang) dan stabil, anda terus boleh memaksa ia berbuah.</div>
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Malberi hanya berbuah pada ranting yang baru tumbuh. Untuk menghasilkan bunga dan buah, ikut petua ini.</div>
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Kira-kira dua minggu sebelum kerat bantang malberi, tambahkan baja organik ke dalam tanah. Anda boleh gunakan kepala ikan bilis yang telah rosak, baja tinja haiwan ternakan atau kompos.</div>
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Apabila telah sedia, jalankan langkah berikut di sebelah petang. Ini untuk mengelakkan terik matahari selepas ranting dikerat.</div>
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Kerat ranting utama hingga tinggi kira-kira paras pinggang menggunakan gunting kebun yang tajam. Biarkan daun pada pangkal ranting sahaja. Jangan buang tunas pada pangkal daun tetapi petik daun untuk mengelakkan dari berlaku kehilangan air yang berlebihan. Siram pokok dengan air yang banyak tetapi jangan sampai air bertakung.</div>
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Buang daun pada ranting yang telah dikerat dan cucuk ke dalam tanah untuk disemai.</div>
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<br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-or3l7jU-k3s/Thrds_T9xEI/AAAAAAAAHbo/z8mVx8lfyDw/s1600/keratan+4.JPG"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-or3l7jU-k3s/Thrds_T9xEI/AAAAAAAAHbo/z8mVx8lfyDw/s400/keratan+4.JPG" /></a><br />Ranting selepas seminggu dikerat. Perhatikan rang baru tumbuh pada ranting tersebut.<br /><br />Ranting yang telah dikerat akan menghasilkan tunas baru dalam masa seminggu. Ranting baru akan mengandungi bunga malberi.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5z6jp7Z-Bhs/Thrd-Nab9VI/AAAAAAAAHbs/wCrJWN09MCw/s1600/keratan+1.JPG"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5z6jp7Z-Bhs/Thrd-Nab9VI/AAAAAAAAHbs/wCrJWN09MCw/s400/keratan+1.JPG" /></a><br />Ranting yang baru tumbuh mengandungi bunga malberi, iaitu putik-putik buah bewarna hijau.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eHRLgtzXe7Q/ThreCy91vuI/AAAAAAAAHbw/nWKq1ILJlbE/s1600/keratan+2.JPG"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eHRLgtzXe7Q/ThreCy91vuI/AAAAAAAAHbw/nWKq1ILJlbE/s400/keratan+2.JPG" /></a><br />Bunga malberi mempunyai bentuk buah dengan urat-urat stigma terjulur keluar.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SqUcDtkz7Mk/ThrePOTPKJI/AAAAAAAAHb0/m8b2spFOsxo/s1600/keratan+3.JPG"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SqUcDtkz7Mk/ThrePOTPKJI/AAAAAAAAHb0/m8b2spFOsxo/s400/keratan+3.JPG" /></a><br />Bunga hanya tumbuh pada ranting yang baru.<br /><br />Mudah bukan?<div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sumber: <a href="http://www.tanamsendiri.com/2011/07/pangkas-malberi-supaya-pokok-berbuah.html">http://www.tanamsendiri.com/2011/07/pangkas-malberi-supaya-pokok-berbuah.html</a></span></div>
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putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-28301444622842118222014-10-05T05:52:00.001-07:002014-10-05T06:02:12.468-07:00Ada Apa Pada Malberi/Mulberry ?<br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sYdQ2Nh3z-E/UyXn4wPYR7I/AAAAAAAAG7w/N1tWUflT8S4/s1600/murbei.jpg"><img height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sYdQ2Nh3z-E/UyXn4wPYR7I/AAAAAAAAG7w/N1tWUflT8S4/s1600/murbei.jpg" width="400" /></a><br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7pGb3MKDeS0/UymnYLheyvI/AAAAAAAAG8w/DlyRgRuSS9M/s1600/old_mulberry_tree_Motovun.jpg"><img height="299" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7pGb3MKDeS0/UymnYLheyvI/AAAAAAAAG8w/DlyRgRuSS9M/s1600/old_mulberry_tree_Motovun.jpg" width="400" /><br /></a>Malberi (Mulberry), sejenis pohon yang kini kerap ditemui tumbuh dikampung-kampung atau disudut halaman rumah sebagai tanaman hiasan di Malaysia.<br /><br />Nama botani Morus, dari genus pepohonan Moraceae.Jenis pohon merendang dan berbunga. Terdiri lebih dari 150 spesis pohon morus yang dikenali didunia ini. Banyak spesis 'hybrid' juga turut muncul. Namun, sejauh ini hanya 10–16 spesis yang diterima oleh jabatan botani sebagai 'mulberry.' <br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qug5_xzhTnU/UyiPxYn7f6I/AAAAAAAAG8g/lY4YG4VksYg/s1600/images.jpg"><img height="353" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Qug5_xzhTnU/UyiPxYn7f6I/AAAAAAAAG8g/lY4YG4VksYg/s1600/images.jpg" width="400" /></a><br /><br />Pohon ini tumbuh bercambah dinegara-negara berbagai iklim; Asia, Afrika, Eropah, Amerika - Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, India, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Syria, Sudan, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan.<br /><br />Spesis morus australis poir (Malberi China) lebih banyak tumbuh bercambah diAsia Tenggara, termasuk Malaysia.Buah morus warna-warni mengikut perbezaan spesisnya; seperti hitam, biru, jingga, merah, putih dll. Buah-buahnya kecil berjambak, berumpun, berkelompok.<br /><br />Buah malberi boleh dimakan mentah atau diminum dalam bentuk jus. Rasanya masam-masam manis, malberi hitam lebih manis apabila ranum. Dibeberapa negara, ia sering dibuat kueh, pie, tart, muffin, kek, kordial, dan jem. Juga digunakan sebagai bahan dalam ais krim, yogurt dsbnya.<br /><br />Pohon malberi boleh tumbuh membesar. Lebih cepat membesar sewaktu muda. Ketinggian boleh mencecah antara 10–15 meter (33–49 kaki). <br /><br />Daun malberi, terutama malberi putih (Bombyx mori), disaji sebagai makanan utama pada ulat sutera, “pupa/cocoon” yang menghasilkan sutera. Daun malberi mempunyai nilai komersial yang tinggi di negara China, pengeluar sutera terbesar didunia.<div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Nutrien Buah Malberi</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FiC4J9BGntQ/UyXmv0XRMyI/AAAAAAAAG7o/9DysN-hCyRw/s1600/mulberry+nutrien.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; color: #4c00ff; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="1" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FiC4J9BGntQ/UyXmv0XRMyI/AAAAAAAAG7o/9DysN-hCyRw/s1600/mulberry+nutrien.png" height="320" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; background: transparent; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 20px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="160" /></a>Buah malberi juga mengandungi serat makanan. Berjus, dan berkalori rendah; 1 cawan malberi membekal kira-kira 60 kalori sahaja.</div>
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Buah malberi mengandungi nutrien penting yang menyihatkan tubuh. Ia mengandungi protein, karbohidrat, juga vitamin-vitamin seperti</div>
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vitamin B-kompleks, vitamin A, C, E dan K. </div>
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Vitamin C (36.4 mcg/100g, kira-kira 61% RDI), adalah anti-oksidan yang berkesan. Permakanan yang tinggi vitamin C boleh membantu tubuh melawan jangkitan kuman/mikroorganisma, mencegah masalah keradangan dan menyirna radikal bebas (perosak organ tubuh).</div>
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Buah malberi juga merupakan sumber beberapa zat galian/gizi seperti sodium, potassium, kalsium, tembaga, besi, magnesium, selenium dan zinc. </div>
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<b><br /></b><b>Potassium</b> adalah komponen penting kepada sel-sel dan cecair tubuh yang bertindak membantu rentak denyut nadi dan tekanan darah dalam tubuh.</div>
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<b>Manganese</b> merupakan faktor gandingan yang perlu bagi mengaktifkan tindak-tanduk aneka jenis enzim untuk berbagai urusan metabolisma dalam tubuh. Juga sebagai faktor gandingan kepada enzim anti-oksidan yang sangat berkuasa, iaitu superoxide dismutase.</div>
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<b>Tembaga</b> merupakan komponen kepada berbagai jenis enzim (enzim adalah molekeul protein yang melaksanakan tindak-balas kimia diseluruh tubuh) yang masing-masing mempunyai fungsi tersendiri. 90% tembaga berada dalam darah merupakan komponen kepada protein 'ceruloplasmin', iaitu protein pembawa tembaga ke tisu-tisu, dan sebagai enzim yang menggalak oksidasi zat-zat gizi.</div>
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<b>Besi</b> merupakan sebahagian dari 'hemoglobin' yang berada didalam sel-sel darah merah, yang akan menentukan jumlah oxygen dalam darah yang dibawa keseluruh tubuh. Buah malberi merupakan sumber zat besi yang sangat baik; 1.85 mg/100 g (kira-kira 23% RDI).</div>
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<b>Anthocyanin</b><b> dan Resveratrol</b><b>.</b> Buah malberi mengandungi 'anthocyanin' dan 'resveratrol', jenis zat kimia phyto dari kalangan “phenolic flavonoid” yang merupakan anti-oksidan yang sangat berkuasa. Anthocyanin juga merupakan pigmen yang menjadi pewarna alami kepada buah-buahan atau bahan makanan; warna seperti oren, merah, jingga, hitam dan biru. Analisa makmal mendapati malberi China mengandungi jumlah anthocyanin yang tinggi, antara 148 mg - 2725 mg bagi setiap 1 liter jus malberi.</div>
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<b>Lutein, zeaxanthin, ß-carotene dan α-carotene.</b> Disamping itu, buah malberi mengandungi kandungan sederhana “phenolic flavonoid” anti-oksidan yang lain, seperti lutein, zeaxanthin, ß-carotene dan α-carotene.</div>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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"Mulberry" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mulberry (disambiguation)">Mulberry (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Mulberry</i></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Morus alba FrJPG.jpg" data-file-height="1152" data-file-width="1728" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg/220px-Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg/330px-Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg/440px-Morus_alba_FrJPG.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 12px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_nigra" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus nigra">Morus nigra</a></i></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Kingdom:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">(unranked):</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Order:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Family:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Tribe:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="tribe" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moreae">Moreae</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Genus:</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="genus" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><b>Morus</b></i></span><br /><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightgreen; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Species</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
See text.</div>
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<i><b>Morus</b></i>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraceae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a>, comprises 10–16 species of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tree">trees</a> commonly known as <b>mulberries</b> growing wild and under cultivation in many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Temperate">temperate</a> world regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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The closely related genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broussonetia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Broussonetia">Broussonetia</a></i> is also commonly known as mulberry, notably the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mulberry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paper Mulberry">Paper Mulberry</a>, <i>Broussonetia papyrifera</i>. Mulberries are swift-growing when young, but soon become slow-growing and rarely exceed 10–15 m (33–49 ft) tall. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are alternately arranged, simple, often lobed, more often lobed on juvenile shoots than on mature trees, and serrated on the margin.</div>
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The trees can be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecious" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecious" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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The mulberry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_fruit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Multiple fruit">multiple fruit</a>, 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) long. Immature fruits are white, green, or pale yellow. In most species, the fruits turn pink and then red while ripening, then dark purple or black, and have a sweet flavor when fully ripe. The fruits of the white-fruited <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> are white when ripe; the fruit in this cultivar is also sweet but has a very mild flavor compared with the darker variety.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#" id="togglelink" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#Species" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Species</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#Uses_and_cultivation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Uses and cultivation</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#Silk_industry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Silk industry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#Pigments" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pigments</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#In_popular_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#Gallery" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Species">Species</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_(plant)&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long_Mulberry.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Long_Mulberry.JPG/200px-Long_Mulberry.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Long_Mulberry.JPG/300px-Long_Mulberry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Long_Mulberry.JPG/400px-Long_Mulberry.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Long Mulberry</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unripe_white_mulberry.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2048" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Unripe_white_mulberry.jpg/200px-Unripe_white_mulberry.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Unripe_white_mulberry.jpg/300px-Unripe_white_mulberry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Unripe_white_mulberry.jpg/400px-Unripe_white_mulberry.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Unripe white mulberries</div>
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The taxonomy of <i>Morus</i> is complex and disputed. Over 150 species names have been published, and although differing sources may cite different selections of accepted names, only 10–16 are generally cited as being accepted by the vast majority of botanical authorities. <i>Morus</i> classification is even further complicated by widespread<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a>, wherein the hybrids are fertile.</div>
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The following species are generally accepted:</div>
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<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_alba" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus alba">Morus alba</a></i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> – White Mulberry <span style="font-size: 12px;">(E Asia)</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_australis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus australis">Morus australis</a></i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Louis_Marie_Poiret" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jean Louis Marie Poiret">Poir.</a></small> – Chinese Mulberry <span style="font-size: 12px;">(SE Asia)</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_celtidifolia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus celtidifolia">Morus celtidifolia</a></i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sigismund_Kunth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl Sigismund Kunth">Kunth</a></small> <span style="font-size: 12px;">(Mexico)</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_insignis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus insignis (page does not exist)">Morus insignis</a></i> <span style="font-size: 12px;">(S America)</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_mesozygia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus mesozygia">Morus mesozygia</a></i> <small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Stapf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Otto Stapf">Stapf</a></small> – African Mulberry <span style="font-size: 12px;">(S and C Africa)</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_microphylla" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus microphylla">Morus microphylla</a></i> – Texas Mulberry<span style="font-size: 12px;">(Mexico, Texas (USA))</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_nigra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus nigra">Morus nigra</a></i> <small>L.</small> – Black Mulberry <span style="font-size: 12px;">(SW Asia)</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_rubra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus rubra">Morus rubra</a></i> <small>L.</small> – Red Mulberry <span style="font-size: 12px;">(E N America)</span></li>
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The following, all from eastern and southern Asia, are additionally accepted by one or more taxonomic lists or studies; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synonymy">synonymy</a>, as given by other lists or studies, is indicated in square brackets:</div>
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<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus atropurpurea</i> [<i>M. alba</i> var. <i>alba</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus bombycis</i> [<i>M. australis</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus cathayana</i></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus indica</i> [<i>M. alba</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus japonica</i> [<i>M. alba</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus kagayamae</i> [<i>M. australis</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus laevigata</i> [<i>M. alba</i> var.<i>laevigata; M. macroura</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus latifolia</i> [<i>M. alba</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus liboensis</i></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus macroura</i> [<i>M. alba</i> var.<i>laevigata</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus mongolica</i> [<i>M. alba</i> var.<i>mongolica</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus multicaulis</i> [<i>M. alba</i> var.<i>multicaulis</i>]</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus notabilis</i></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus rotundiloba</i></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_serrata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus serrata">Morus serrata</a></i> [<i>M. alba</i> var. <i>serrata</i>], Himalayan mulberry</li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus tillaefolia</i></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus trilobata</i> [<i>M. australis</i> var. trilobata<i>]</i></li>
<li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><i>Morus wittiorum</i></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Uses_and_cultivation">Uses and cultivation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_(plant)&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Uses and cultivation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mulberry_in_Libya.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="854" data-file-width="1280" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mulberry_in_Libya.jpg/220px-Mulberry_in_Libya.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mulberry_in_Libya.jpg/330px-Mulberry_in_Libya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mulberry_in_Libya.jpg/440px-Mulberry_in_Libya.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Mulberry fruit in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Libya">Libya</a></div>
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The ripe fruit is edible and is widely used in pies, tarts, wines, cordials and tea. The fruit of the black mulberry, native to southwest Asia, and the red mulberry, native to eastern North America, have the strongest flavor, which has been likened to 'fireworks in the mouth'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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The fruit of the white mulberry, an east Asian species which is extensively naturalized in urban regions of eastern North America, has a different flavor, sometimes characterized as refreshing and a little tart, with a bit of gumminess to it and a hint of vanilla.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> In North America the white mulberry is considered an invasive exotic and has taken over extensive tracts from native plant species, including the red mulberry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> The mature plant contains significant amounts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, particularly in stem bark.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> The fruit and leaves are sold in various forms as nutritional supplements. Unripe fruit and green parts of the plant have a white sap that may be toxic, stimulating, or mildly <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogenic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hallucinogenic">hallucinogenic</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Black, red, and white mulberry are widespread in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Northern Africa">northern Africa</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>where the tree and the fruit have names under regional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jam">Jams</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharbat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sharbat">sherbets</a> are often made from the fruit in this region. Black mulberry was imported to Britain in the 17th century in the hope that it would be useful in the cultivation of silkworms. It was much used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>, especially in the treatment of ringworm. Mulberries are also widespread in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greece">Greece</a>, particularly in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, which in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> was known as Morea (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">Μωριάς</span>, <i>Morias</i>), deriving from the Greek word for the tree (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">Μουριά</span>, <i>Μouria</i>).</div>
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Mulberries can be grown from seed, and this is often advised as seedling-grown trees are generally of better shape and health, but they are most often planted from large cuttings which root readily. The mulberry plants which are allowed to grow tall with a crown height of 5–6 feet from ground level and a stem girth of 4–5 inches or more is called tree mulberry. They are specially raised with the help of well-grown saplings 8–10 months old of any of the varieties recommended for rain-fed areas like S-13 (for red loamy soil) or S-34 (black cotton soil) which are tolerant to drought or soil-moisture stress conditions. Usually, the plantation is raised and in block formation with a spacing of 6 feet x 6 feet, or 8 feet x 8 feet, as plant to plant and row to row distance. The plants are usually pruned once a year during the monsoon season (July – August) to a height of 5–6 feet and allowed to grow with a maximum of 8–10 shoots at the crown. The leaves are harvested 3–4 times a year by a leaf picking method<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> under rain-fed or semi-arid conditions, depending on the monsoon.</div>
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The tree branches pruned during the fall season (after the leaves have fallen) are cut and used to make durable baskets supporting agriculture and animal husbandry.</div>
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Some North American cities have banned the planting of mulberries because of the large amounts of pollen they produce, posing a potential health hazard for some pollen allergy sufferers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> In actuality, it is only the male mulberry trees that produce pollen; this light-weight pollen can be inhaled deeply into the lungs, sometimes triggering asthma.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ogren_12-0" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-Ogren-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> Conversely, female mulberry trees produce all-female flowers, which draw pollen and dust from the air. Because of this pollen-absorbing feature, all-female mulberry trees have an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPALS_(Ogren_Plant_Allergy_Scale)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OPALS (Ogren Plant Allergy Scale)">OPALS allergy scale</a> rating of just 1, and are considered "allergy-free".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ogren_12-1" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-Ogren-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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Fortunately, mulberry tree <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_(grafting)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scion (grafting)">scion wood</a> can easily be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grafting">grafted</a> onto other mulberry trees during the winter, when the tree is dormant. One common scenario is converting a problematic male mulberry tree to an allergy-free female tree, by grafting all-female mulberry tree scions to a male mulberry that has been pruned back hard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> However, any new growth from below the graft(s) must be removed, as they would be from the original male mulberry tree.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Silk_industry">Silk industry</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_(plant)&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Silk industry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silkworm_mulberry_tree_zetarra_marugatze_arbolean3.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2736" data-file-width="3648" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Silkworm_mulberry_tree_zetarra_marugatze_arbolean3.JPG/220px-Silkworm_mulberry_tree_zetarra_marugatze_arbolean3.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Silkworm_mulberry_tree_zetarra_marugatze_arbolean3.JPG/330px-Silkworm_mulberry_tree_zetarra_marugatze_arbolean3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Silkworm_mulberry_tree_zetarra_marugatze_arbolean3.JPG/440px-Silkworm_mulberry_tree_zetarra_marugatze_arbolean3.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A silkworm, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a></i>, feeding on a mulberry tree</div>
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Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, are ecologically important as the sole food source of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a></i>, named after the mulberry genus <i>Morus</i>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pupa">pupa</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoon</a> of which is used to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silk">silk</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Other<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Larva">larvae</a>—which include the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_emerald" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common emerald">common emerald</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas_tiliae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mimas tiliae">lime hawk-moth</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_(moth)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sycamore (moth)">sycamore moth</a>—also sometimes eat the plant.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pigments">Pigments</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_(plant)&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Pigments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3>
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Mulberry fruit color derives from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthocyanins">anthocyanins</a> which are under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basic research">basic research</a> for mechanisms of various diseases.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> Anthocyanins are responsible for the attractive colors of fresh plant foods, including orange, red, purple, black, and blue. These colors are water-soluble and easily extractable, yielding natural food colorants. Due to a growing demand for natural food colorants, their significance in the food industry is increasing.</div>
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A cheap and industrially feasible method has been developed to extract anthocyanins from mulberry fruit which could be used as a fabric <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanning">tanning</a> agent or food colorant of high <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_value" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Color value">color value</a> (above 100). Scientists found that, of thirty-one Chinese mulberry cultivars tested, the total anthocyanin yield varied from 148 mg to 2725 mg per liter of fruit juice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> It was also found that all the sugars, acids, and vitamins of the fruit remained intact in the residual juice after removal of the anthocyanins, so the juice could be used to produce products such as juice, wine, and sauce.</div>
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Anthocyanin content depends on climate and area of cultivation and is particularly high in sunny climates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> This finding holds promise for tropical countries that grow mulberry trees as part of the practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> to profit from industrial anthocyanin production through the recovery of anthocyanins from the mulberry fruit.</div>
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This offers a challenging task to the mulberry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> resources for</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">exploration and collection of fruit yielding mulberry species;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">their characterization, cataloging, and evaluation for anthocyanin content by using traditional as well as modern means and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> tools;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">developing an information system about these <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> or varieties;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">training and global coordination of genetic stocks;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">evolving suitable breeding strategies to improve the anthocyanin content in potential breeds by collaboration with various research stations in the field of sericulture, plant genetics, and breeding, biotechnology and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_(plant)&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canons_Ashby_House_and_Mulberry_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22987.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Canons_Ashby_House_and_Mulberry_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22987.jpg/220px-Canons_Ashby_House_and_Mulberry_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22987.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Canons_Ashby_House_and_Mulberry_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22987.jpg/330px-Canons_Ashby_House_and_Mulberry_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Canons_Ashby_House_and_Mulberry_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22987.jpg/440px-Canons_Ashby_House_and_Mulberry_Tree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22987.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A Mulberry tree in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="England">England</a></div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_We_Go_Round_the_Mulberry_Bush" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush">Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush</a></i> uses the tree in the refrain, as do some contemporary American versions of the nursery rhyme <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Goes_the_Weasel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pop Goes the Weasel">Pop Goes the Weasel</a>.</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> featured the mulberry tree in some of his paintings, notably "Mulberry Tree."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_(plant)#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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The Roman mythological tale of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Pyramus and Thisbe</a> provides a story of the mulberry fruit's color. According to the tale, after the two lovers die tragically, the gods listen to Thisbe's lament and forever change the color of the mulberry fruits into their red stained color to honor the forbidden love.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morus_(plant)&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mulberryflowerbud3000px.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="2592" data-file-width="3872" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mulberryflowerbud3000px.JPG/120px-Mulberryflowerbud3000px.JPG" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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Clusters (inflorescences) of unopened female flower buds.</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morus_nigra_male_flowers.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="1199" data-file-width="1294" height="111" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Morus_nigra_male_flowers.jpg/120px-Morus_nigra_male_flowers.jpg" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_nigra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morus nigra">Morus nigra</a></i> male flowers.</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Mulberry_Female_Flowers.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="1296" data-file-width="1786" height="87" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Black_Mulberry_Female_Flowers.jpg/120px-Black_Mulberry_Female_Flowers.jpg" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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Female flower cluster</div>
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putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-73249082443086028252014-10-04T02:45:00.001-07:002014-10-04T02:45:49.798-07:00Nutritional evaluation of mulberry leaves as feeds for ruminants<h1 style="font-size: 18pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">J Yao, B Yan, X Q Wang and J X Liu</span></h1>
<h3 style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University (Huajiachi Campus),<br />Hangzhou 310029, P.R.China</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">junyao@mail.hz.zj.cn</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> or </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">jxliu@email.com</span></span></h3>
<h4 style="font-size: 14pt;">
Abstract</h4>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The leaves from four mulberry (<em>Morus alba</em>) strains cultivated in China were sampled at three stages of maturity in spring and autumn, respectively. Their nutritional value was evaluated in terms of chemical composition, amino acid (AA) content and <i>in vitro </i>gas production (GP). Excepting one strain which was slightly inferior to other strains, there was no great difference in chemical composition between different strains regardless of season. There was little seasonal difference in content of crude protein (CP) and true protein (TP) of mulberry leaves. Average CP contents were 21.1 and 20.9 (% in DM), and TP accounted for 88.2 and 85.8% of CP in spring and autumn, respectively. Content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was higher in autumn (41.1%) than in spring (38.8%). Except for a few amino acids, no difference (P>0.05) was observed in AA contents among the four strains. Total and essential amino acids were 70.0 to 81.6 and 24.7 to 31.6% of the CP for spring leaves, and 75.6 to 78.0 and 29.0 to 30.8% of the CP for autumn leaves, respectively. Potential GP and organic matter digestibility estimated from GP were 43.3 to 52.2 ml and 65.6 to 71.3% for spring leaves, and 35.4 to 38.7 ml and 56.3 to 61.4% for autumn leaves, respectively, indicating that the nutritional value of spring leaves is superior to that in autumn. Chemical composition of mulberry leaves was influenced by stage of maturuty, though the extent of the effect was different between spring and autumn leaves. For spring leaves, content of CP and TP was superior at mid-stage to that in early or late stage, whereas the CP content in autumn decreased significantly (P<0 .05="" acids="" amino="" and="" content="" differences="" essential="" increase="" increased="" individual="" maturity.="" maturity="" ndf="" non-essential="" not="" of="" regardless="" season.="" significant="" stage="" tended="" the="" though="" to="" total="" were="" with="">0.05). Parameters of <i>in vitro </i>GP showed a similar trend to the CP content, suggesting that the nutritional value of mulberry leaves was higher at mid-stage in spring and at early stage in autumn. From these results, it is inferred that mulberry leaves, with their high protein and low fibre content and their high digestibility, may be used as supplementary protein source for ruminants.</0></span><br />
<h6 style="font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>Key words</em>: mulberry leaves, chemical composition, amino acids, <i>in vitro </i>gas production</span></h6>
<h4 style="font-size: 14pt;">
Introduction</h4>
Great progress has been made in China in utilization of crop residues to develop ruminant production during the last decade (Guo and Yang 1996; Dolberg and Finlayson 1995). However, a large amount of roughage remains underutilized and current efforts are still directed at increasing straw utilization in animal feeding. Through the projects supported by FAO and the Government of China, the use of rice straw as basal diet for fattening lambs and steers has been promoted in our region, while generally farmer practice is still the use of high levels of concentrate mixture including cereal grains and oilseed meals. Therefore it is important to find adequate types and levels of supplements to overcome the dependence on conventional feeds much of which are imported (Preston 1995; Liu 1995).<br />
Due to their high nutritive value, and positive effects on rumen function, microbial yields and body metabolism, tree foliage is being increasing recognized as a potentially high quality feed resource for ruminants, particularly to supply crude protein (Leng 1997). The developing countries such as China have little land for ruminant production per se, as crop production for human consumption is given the first priority. It is inconceivable that large tracts of land could be set aside for fodder tree planting. The animal production system should be integrated with the whole agricultural system.<br />
Silkworm cultivation on the leaves of the mulberry tree (<i>Morus alba</i>) is an important farming activity in southeast China, with over 10<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><sup>6</sup></span> and 10<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><sup>5</sup></span> ha planted in China and Zhejiang Province, respectively. The biomass yield of fresh leaves is of the order of 15 to 22 tonnes/ha/year. Silkworm production is not always profitable, as it is dependent upon the price of silk and world market trends in this commodity. Alternative ways of using the foliage of mulberry tree would be welcomed by farmers for the occasions when income from silkworm is low. The leaves of mulberry are relished by sheep and goats and have high nutritive value with protein content at about 20 % of dry matter (FAO 1998). They could be appropriate protein supplements for sheep fed a basal diet of ammoniated rice straw as partial or total replacement for oilseed meals, which could then be used in the diets for mono-gastric animals. However, little information is available on the nutritional values of mulberry leaves as animal feed.<br />
The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of mulberry leaves, which were sampled from different strains at different stages of maturity. Chemical composition and amino acid contents were analyzed, and <i>in vitro </i>gas production (GP) was measured, as indices of nutritional value.<br />
<h4 style="font-size: 14pt;">
Materials and Methods</h4>
<h5 style="font-size: 12pt;">
Sampling of mulberry leaves</h5>
Mulberry strains used included Tuantou Heyebai (TH), Husang No.9 (HS), Tongxiangqing (TX) and Nongsang No.8 (NS), which are the main mulberry strains in China. Mulberry leaves were sampled at the Experimental Farm, Zhejiang Agricultural University. Samples of mulberry leaves were taken in two seasons: spring and autumn. Mulberry leaves were sampled three times in every season: 28 April, 14 May and 29 May 1998 in spring, and 28 August, 30 September and 30 October in autumn, respectively. The different sampling interval in two seasons was due to the availability of the mulberry leaves, which is dependent on the silkworm cultivation activity. The sampling at different times within one season was conducted in one mulberry tree of each strain. Samples taken in the morning were weighed immediately, and oven-dried at 65ºC. The sub-samples were ground to pass a sieve size of 2mm for chemical analysis and further GP test.<br />
<h4 style="font-size: 14pt;">
Chemical analysis</h4>
All samples were analysed for dry matter (DM). Content of crude protein (CP) was determined using the macro-Kjeldahl method (AOAC 1990). True protein (TP) was analysed according to the method of Ning (1993). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was analysed as outlined by Van Soest et al (1992). Amino acid (AA) contents were determined using an AA analyser (Knauer, Germany).<br />
<h5 style="font-size: 12pt;">
<i>In vitro </i>gas production studies</h5>
The GP was measured using the technique of Menke et al (1979), and Menke and Steingass (1988), with calibrated glass syringes (Model Fortuna, Häberle Labortechnik, Lonsee-Ettlenschie, Germany) of 32 mm internal diameter and 100 ml volume. Samples for GP determination were ground with a hammer mill to pass a 1 mm screen. About 200 mg DM of sample was introduced into a syringe with rumen liquor collected from two rumen-fistulated Huzhou sheep, that were fed on an ammoniated rice straw (ARS) diet (75% ARS, 5% Rape seed meal and 25% concentrate mixture) at 1.3 times maintenance. Following the introduction of the sample in the syringe pre-warmed to 39ºC, 30 ml of the rumen liquor and buffer solution were added, and the syringes were placed in a water bath at 39ºC. The GP was then recorded after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h incubation.<br />
The GP data were then fitted to the equation GP=a+b(1-e-ct) (Ørskov 1985), where a, b and c are constants and GP is the gas production from the substrate at time t.<br />
<h5 style="font-size: 12pt;">
Statistical analysis</h5>
Results for spring and autumn mulberry leaves were analysed according to a 3 x 4 factorial design. The difference of means was tested using Duncan's new multiple range test (Steel and Torrie 1980).<br />
<h5 style="font-size: 12pt;">
Results and Discussion</h5>
The chemical composition and content of AA are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 for the mulberry leaves in spring, and Table 2 and Figure 2 for those in autumn, respectively.<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 10pt; height: 390px; margin: 10px; width: 566px;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="17" width="560"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>Table 1.</strong> Chemical composition and amino acid content of mulberry leaves in spring</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"> </td><td colspan="4" height="17" width="223"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>Mulberry strains#</strong></div>
</span></td><td colspan="3" height="17" style="text-align: center;" width="174"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>Sampling time##</strong></span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"> </td><td height="17" width="45"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>TH</strong></span></td><td height="17" width="50"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>HS</strong></span></td><td height="17" width="55"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>TX</strong></span></td><td height="17" width="55"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>NS</strong></span></td><td height="17" width="54"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>SE</strong></span></td><td height="17" width="54"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>SM</strong></span></td><td height="17" width="54"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>SL</strong></span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"><b>SEM</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="5" height="17" width="320"><b>Composition, %</b></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td></tr>
<tr><td height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DM,%</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">24.4</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">24.1</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">23.7</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">23.6</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">25.1</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">25.2</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">26.6</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0.10</span></td></tr>
<tr><td height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">CP, % DM</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">21.6</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20.9</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20.9</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20.8</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">21.1ab</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">21.9a</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20.0b</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0.17</span></td></tr>
<tr><td height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">TP, % CP</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">86.7</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">89.6</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">88.3</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">88.5</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">87.5</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">90.4</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">86.3</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1.16</span></td></tr>
<tr><td height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">NDF, % DM</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">39.5</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">37.5</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">39.7</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">38.5</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">34.6c</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">38.9b</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">42.9a</span></td><td align="right" height="15"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">0.59</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="5" height="17" width="296"><b>Amino acid concentration, g/100 g protein</b></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;">Lysine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.3</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.02</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.05</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.21</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.16</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.14</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.13</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Methionine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.78</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.58</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.89</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.03</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.39</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.87</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.28</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.21</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Phenylalanine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.34</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.83</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.15</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.38</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.53</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.58</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.87</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.14</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Leucine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.89</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.45</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.17</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.43</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.77</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.27</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Isoleucine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.74</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.99</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.29</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.29</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.04</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.53</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.18</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.15</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Threonine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.25 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.79 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.98 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.69 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.95 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.97 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.86 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.08</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Histidine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.56</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.22</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.32</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.78</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.27</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.2</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">EAA</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">30.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">28.62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">31.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">29.46</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">29.02</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">30.79</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">29.95</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">*</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Valine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.16</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.12</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.9</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.52</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.81</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.4</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.16</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Arginine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.52</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.59</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.24</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.66 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.20 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.29 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.14</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Asparanin</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.26</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.08</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.76</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.53</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.18</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.78</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.25</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Glutamine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.46</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.1</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.22</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.31</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.39</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.32</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.63</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Serine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.2</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.55</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.27</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.18</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.32</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.27</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.25</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Glycine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.94 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.32 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.51 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.93 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.38</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.28</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.66</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.14</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Ala+Tyr</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.42</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.83</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.79</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.74</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.72</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.21</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.69</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.29</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Non-EAA</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">50.96</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">47.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">46.95</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">44.02</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">46.54</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">46.34</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">48</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Total AA</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">81.82</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">75.81</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">77.63</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">73.48</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">75.56</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">77.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">77.95</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="91"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">EAA/NEAA, %</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="45"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">61</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="50"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">61</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">66</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="55"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">67</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">66</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="16" width="512"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em># TH - Tuantou Heyebai; HS - Husang No.9; TX - Tongxiangqing; NS - Nongsang No.8<br />## Sampling time: SE - 28 April, SM - 14 May, and SL - 29 May 1998.</em></span><em>### DM: dry matter; CP: crude protein; TP: true protein; NDF: neutral detergent fibre</em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em><sup>a,b,c</sup> Means with different superscripts within mulberry strains or sampling times differ (P<0 .05="" em=""></0></em></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 5.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 10pt; height: 392px; margin: 10px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="17" width="99%"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>Table 2.</strong> Chemical composition and amino acid content of mulberry leaves in autumn</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"> </td><td colspan="4" height="17" width="223"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>Mulberry strains#</strong></div>
</span></td><td colspan="3" height="17" style="text-align: center;" width="174"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>Sampling time##</strong></span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="54"> </td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="14%"> </td><td height="14" width="45"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>TH</strong></span></td><td height="14" width="50"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>HS</strong></span></td><td height="14" width="55"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>TX</strong></span></td><td height="14" width="55"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>NS</strong></span></td><td height="14" width="54"><strong>A</strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>E</strong></span></td><td height="14" width="54"><strong>A</strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>M</strong></span></td><td height="14" width="54"><strong>A</strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>L</strong></span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="54"><span style="color: black;"><b>SEM</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="4" height="17" width="44%"><b>Chemical composition, %</b></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"> </td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;">DM (%)</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;">30.4</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;">29.7</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;">29.6</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;">29.8</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;">25.9c</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;">29.9b</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;">33.8a</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;">0.42</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;">CP (% DM)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">21.9</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">20.3</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">19.6</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">21.7</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">22.3a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">21.4a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">18.9b B</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.23</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">TP (% f CP)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">84.4</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">86.4</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">87.5</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">84.9</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">86.9</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">85.7</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">84.7</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.57</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">NDF (% DM)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">38.9 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">40.8 ab</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">42.6 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">43.4 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">36.7 c</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">40.4b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">47.2a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.46</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="4" height="24" width="44%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><b>Amino acid content, % of crude protein</b></span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="24" width="11%"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="24" width="11%"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="24" width="11%"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="24" width="11%"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="24" width="11%"><div align="right">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Lysine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.3</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.02</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.05</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.21</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.16</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.14</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.13</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Methionine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.78</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.58</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.89</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.03</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.39</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.87</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.28</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.21</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Phenylalanine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.34</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.83</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.15</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.38</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.53</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.58</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.87</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.14</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Leucine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.89</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.45</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.17</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.43</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.77</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.27</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Isoleucine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.74</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.99</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.29</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.29</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.04</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.53</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.18</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.15</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Threonine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.25 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.79 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.98 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.69 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.95 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.97 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.86 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.08</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Histidine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.56</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.22</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.32</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.78</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.27</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.2</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">EAA</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">30.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">28.62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">31.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">29.46</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">29.02</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">30.79</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">29.95</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">*</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Valine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.16</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.12</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.9</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.52</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.81</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.4</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.16</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Arginine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.52</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.59</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.24</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.66 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.20 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.29 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.14</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Asparanin</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.26</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.08</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.76</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.53</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.18</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.78</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.25</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Glutamine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.46</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.1</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.22</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.31</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.39</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.32</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.63</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Serine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.2</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.55</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.27</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.18</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.32</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">3.27</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">2.86</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.25</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Glycine</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.94 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.32 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.51 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">4.93 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.38</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.28</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">5.66</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.14</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Ala+Tyr</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.42</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.83</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.79</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.74</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">10.72</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.21</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">11.69</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.29</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Non-EAA</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">50.96</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">47.19</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">46.95</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">44.02</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">46.54</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">46.34</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">48</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Total AA</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">81.82</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">75.81</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">77.63</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">73.48</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">75.56</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">77.13</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">77.95</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="11%"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="14%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">EAA/NEAA, %</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">61</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">61</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">66</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">67</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">66</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">62</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="32" width="11%"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="32" width="99%"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em># TH - Tuantou Heyebai; HS - Husang No.9; TX - Tongxiangqing; NS - Nongsang No.8<br />## Sampling time: AE - 28 August, AM - 30 September, and AL - 30 October 1998.</em></span><em>### DM: dry matter; CP: crude protein; TP: true protein; NDF: neutral detergent fibre</em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em><sup>a,b,c</sup> Means with different superscripts within mulberry strains or sampling times differ (P<0 .05="" em=""></0></em></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="" cellspacing="" style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 10px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="50%"><img border="0" height="282" src="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd12/2/yao1221.gif" width="293" /></td><td width="50%"><img border="0" height="277" src="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd12/2/yao1222.gif" width="300" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Regardless of the seasons, there were no differences (P>0.05) in content of CP and TP among the different strains. Little seasonal differences were found in content of CP and TP. Average CP content was 21.1 and 20.9 (% of DM), and the TP accounted for 88.2 and 85.8% of the CP in spring and autumn, respectively. The CP content in both seasons was higher than those cited in the Tropical Feed Database (FAO 1998). The NDF was higher for strain TX at middle stage of maturity, and higher for TH at late stage in spring. Strain NS had a higher NDF content at all three stages in autumn leaves (Figure 2). No significant differences were found in the NDF content between different strains, with the exception that in autumn strain TH had lower NDF content (P<0 .05="" 1994="" 1998="" alfalfa="" and="" as="" autumn="" chemical="" comparable="" composition="" content="" dm="" fao="" for="" forages="" in="" is="" leaves="" leguminous="" leucaena="" lower="" mith="" mulberry="" ndf="" ns.="" of="" p="" spring="" such="" than="" the="" those="" trees="" tx="" was="" with="">Except for higher contents of threonine and glycine (P<0 .05="" autumn="" difference="" in="" no="" other="" sampled="" strains="" th="" than="" those="">0.05) was observed in AA contents among the four strains (Tables 1 and 2). There were little differences in total, essential or non-essential AA among four strains. Total and essential amino acids were 70.0 to 81.6 and 24.7 to 31.6% of the CP for spring leaves, and 75.6 to 78.0 and 29.0 to 30.8% of the CP for autumn leaves, respectively.</0><br />
The chemical composition of the mulberry leaves was influenced by stage of maturity, though the extent to which this was affected was different between spring and autumn leaves. While there was little difference in DM content of spring leaves between different stages of maturity (Table 1), DM content significantly increased with the maturity of mulberry tree in autumn (Table 2, P<0 .01="" 1="" aa="" and="" at="" autumn="" average="" content="" contents="" cp="" decreased="" differences="" early="" essential="" for="" higher="" igure="" increase="" increased="" individual="" late="" leaves="" maturity.="" maturity="" mid="" ndf="" non-essential="" not="" of="" or="" p="" regardless="" season.="" significant.="" significantly="" slightly="" spring="" stage="" tended="" than="" the="" those="" though="" to="" total="" tp="" were="" whereas="" with="">The GP of mulberry leaves sampled in both season is presented in Figure 3. All the spring leaves had higher nutritional values than the autumn leaves. Mulberry leaves sampled at mid season tended to have a higher GP (P<0 .05="" 15="" 30="" about="" and="" at="" autumn="" between="" cause="" days="" difference="" different="" early="" for="" gp="" in="" interval="" late="" leaves="" little="" lower="" mid="" middle="" might="" nutritive="" or="" p="" respectively.="" sampling="" seasons.="" spring="" stage.="" stage="" stages="" than="" that="" the="" this="" those="" two="" value="" was="" while="" with=""><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 10px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="50%"><img border="0" height="316" src="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd12/2/yao1223.gif" width="359" /></td><td width="50%"><img border="0" height="317" src="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd12/2/yao1224.gif" width="360" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The parameters of GP for spring and autumn leaves are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Potential GPs were 43.3 to 52.2 and 35.4 to 38.7 ml for spring and autumn leaves. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) may be estimated by the equation of Menke et al (1979):<br /><br />OMD (%)=0.76*GP24 + 0.6365*CP + 22.5, where GP24 (ml) and CP (%) is the GP at 24 hr incubation and CP content, respectively.<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 10px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="16" width="100%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><b>Table 3</b>. Parameters of <i>in vitro </i>gas production (GP) and estimated organic matter digestibility (OMD) for mulberry leaves with four strains at three different stages in spring</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="18%"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="4" height="16" width="40%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>Mulberry strains #</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="3" height="16" width="33%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>Sampling time ##</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>SE</b></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="18%"></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>TH</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>HS</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>TX</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>NS</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>SE</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>SM</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>SL</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="18%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">GP at 24 h (ml)</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">41.9 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">43.1 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">39.6 b</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">47.6 a</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">43.7 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">46.9 a</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">38.5 b</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.94</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="18%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Potential GP (ml)</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">45.7 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">47.4 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">43.9 b</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">52.7 a</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">47.8 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">52.2 a</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">43.3 b</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">1.04</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="18%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Rate of GP (% h-1)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.26</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.02</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.9</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.5</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.70 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">8.79 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">9.25 ab</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.11</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="18%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">OMD (%)</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">69.1 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">68.8 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">65.9 b</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">71.9 a</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">69.2 ab</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">71.3 a</span></td><td align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">65.6 b</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.74</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="16" width="99%"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em># TH - Tuantou Heyebai; HS - Husang No.9; TX - Tongxiangqing; NS - Nongsang No.8<br />## Sampling time: SE - 28 April, SM - 14 May, and SL - 29 May 1998.<br /><sup>,a,b</sup> Means with different superscripts within mulberry strains or sampling times differ (P<0 .05="" em=""></0></em></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 10pt; height: 81px; margin: 10px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="14" width="564"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><b>Table 4</b>. Parameters of <i>in vitro </i>gas production (GP) and estimated organic matter digestibility (OMD) for mulberry leaves with four strains at three different stages in autumn</span></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="103"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="4" height="16" width="40%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>Mulberry strains #</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="3" height="16" width="33%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>Sampling time ##</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>SE</b></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="103"> </td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>TH</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>HS</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>TX</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>NS</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="10%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>AE</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>AM</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="11%"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;"><b>AL</b></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="16" width="9%"></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="103"><span style="color: black;">GP at 24 h (ml)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="51"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">31</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">30.8</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">30.8</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">31.3</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">32.5 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">31.7 ab</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">28.7 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="14" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.55</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="103"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Potential GP (ml)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="51"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">37.8</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">38</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">36.7</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">37.4</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">38.7</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">38.3</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">35.4</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.6</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="103"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">Rate of GP (% h-1)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="51"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.57 ab</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.16 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.01 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.95 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">7.15a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.69ab</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">6.18b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.11</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="103"><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;">OMD (%)</span></td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="51"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">60</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">58.8</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">58.4</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="58"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">60.1</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">61.4 a</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">60.3 ab</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">56.3 b</span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="17" width="59"><span style="color: black;"></span><div align="right">
<span style="color: black;">0.47</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="9" height="3"><img height="1" width="3" /></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff" colspan="9" height="17" width="564"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em># TH - Tuantou Heyebai; HS - Husang No.9; TX - Tongxiangqing; NS - Nongsang No.8<br />## Sampling time: AE - 28 August, AM - 30 September, and </em></span><i>A</i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>L - 30 October 1998.<br /><sup>,a,b</sup> Means with different superscripts within mulberry strains or sampling times differ (P<0 .05="" em=""></0></em></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The estimated OMD was 65.6 to 71.3% and 56.3 to 61.4% for spring and autumn leaves, respectively (Tables 3 and 4). In spring leaves, Nongsang No.8 strain had higher nutritive value (P<0 .05="" and="" autumn="" between="" difference="" different="" for="" gp.="" gp24="" gp="" higher="" hs.="" in="" leaves="" little="" ns="" of="" p="" potential="" rate="" slightly="" strains="" th="" than="" that="" the="" there="" though="" tx="" values="" was="" with="">Figure 4 compares the potential GP and estimated OMD for spring leaves with those for autumn leaves. Both parameters were higher in spring leaves than in autumn, indicating that the nutritional value of spring leaves is superior to that in autumn. In order that mulberry leaves can grow for use in silkworm cultivation in autumn, the twigs of mulberry trees must be cut and modified in late May or early June. These twigs and leaves may be dried and stored for winter use.<br />
In summary, mulberry leaves collected at different stages in both spring and autumn had a high nutritional value in term of chemical composition and <i>in vitro</i> gas production. There was little difference in crude protein content between spring and autumn leaves, but the spring leaves were of higher nutritional value than those in autumn with lower fibre content and higher <i>in vitro </i>gas production (digestibility). Mulberry leaves may thus be used as a supplementary protein source in straw diets for ruminants.<br />
<h4 style="font-size: 14pt;">
Acknowledgements</h4>
This work was funded by the International Foundation for Science (Grant Agreement No: B/2720-1). The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr.T R Preston for his advice and suggestions, to Dr.C.F.Lou for his permission to sample the mulberry leaves from his experimental trees, and to Ms.Jinmei Zhou for her assistance in sampling of the mulberry leaves.<br />
<h4 style="font-size: 14pt;">
References</h4>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Smith O B 1994</b> Using fodder from trees and shrubs to feed livestock in the tropics. 23. Better Farming Series 42. FAO, Rome</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Steel R D G and Torrie J H 1980 </b>Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill: New York, 137-191, 236-372.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Van Soest P J, Robertson J B and Lewis B A 1991 </b>Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal Dairy Science 74:3583-3597.</span><br />
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Received 9 March 2000</h3>
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Sumber : <a href="http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd12/2/yao122.htm">http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd12/2/yao122.htm</a></div>
<br /></0></0></0></0>putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-24030273147774875312014-06-09T01:30:00.005-07:002014-06-09T01:30:57.052-07:00Cara buat Semburan Makhluk Perosak sendiri di rumahApabila pokok diserang makhluk perosak, lazimnya ia boleh dikutip dan musnahkan. Namun begitu, jika makhluk perosak bersaiz kecil, misalnya bena (aphid), whitefly dan mealy bug, tugas menghaspuskan makhluk perosak bukannya mudah. Ini kerana ia sukar dikutip kesemuanya. Kalau berjaya dikutip pun, makhluk tersebut akan kembali. Apa lagi kalau bena, semut-semut yang menghuni sekitar halaman akan "menternak" makhluk tersebut untuk mendapatkan cecair, seakan-akan sama dengan manusia menternak lembu untuk mendapatkan susunya. <br /><br />Kadang-kadang terfikir juga untuk gunakan semburan racun. Tapi kalau gunakan racun, tiada lagi keistimewaan menanam sendiri. Elok beli sayur kat pasar aja. Maksud saya, penggunaan racun sebaik-baiknya dihindarkan kecuali apabila semua ikhtiar gagal. Saya telah mencuba beberapa ramuan untuk semburan bena, whiteflydan mealy bug. Berikut adalah ramuan yang paling berjaya dan mudah disediakan. Ramuan ini juga tidak merosakkan pokok.<br /><br />Campurkan 1/2 sudu teh cecair pencuci pinggan, 1/4 sudu teh minyak masak dan 1 liter air. Masukkan cecair tersebut ke dalam penyembur dan sempur terus ke atas makhluk perosak. <br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y3Fu_f7f7rc/TuXCCODyXNI/AAAAAAAAINs/8JKm_Jt4moE/s1600/penyembur.JPG"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y3Fu_f7f7rc/TuXCCODyXNI/AAAAAAAAINs/8JKm_Jt4moE/s400/penyembur.JPG" /></a><br />Semburan makhluk perosak yang dibuat sendiri selamat digunakan.<br /><br />--------------------------------<br />Organic Pesticide<br /><br />Works on small pests such as whitefly, whitefly larva, aphids, mealy bug, leaf borer and flea beetle.<br /><br />Mix 1/2 tsp dishwashing liquid, 1/4 tsp cooking oil, and 1 liter water. Spray directly on pests.<div>
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Sumber: tanamsendiri.com</div>
putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-69057004985508265892014-06-09T01:07:00.005-07:002014-06-09T01:07:53.654-07:00Khasiat buah Mulberry ialah :<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span data-reactid=".cl.1:3:1:$comment506996582763872_506997776097086:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1:$comment-body.0.0" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; color: #141823; line-height: 15.359999656677246px;"><span data-reactid=".cl.1:3:1:$comment506996582763872_506997776097086:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1:$comment-body.0.0.$end:0:$2:0"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1. Pokok Mulberry adalah makanan utama ulat sutera terutama daunnya. Maka disebabkan itulah jika di Malaysia, daun pokok Mulberry dikenali sebagai daun ulat sutera atau besaram.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span data-reactid=".cl.1:3:1:$comment506996582763872_506997776097086:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1:$comment-body.0.0"><span data-reactid=".cl.1:3:1:$comment506996582763872_506997776097086:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1:$comment-body.0.0.$end:0:$4:0">2. Buah Mulberry mengandungi asid sitrik, g</span></span><span data-reactid=".cl.1:3:1:$comment506996582763872_506997776097086:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1:$comment-body.0.3"><span data-reactid=".cl.1:3:1:$comment506996582763872_506997776097086:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1:$comment-body.0.3.0"><span data-reactid=".cl.1:3:1:$comment506996582763872_506997776097086:0.0.$right.0.$left.0.0.1:$comment-body.0.3.0.$end:0:$0:0">ula dan vitamin C. Daun Mulberry pula mengandungi adenin, amilas, asid suksinik, karotena dan kolin. Biji Mulberry mengandungi ureas.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">3. Kulit akar pokok mulberi mengandungi beta-amirin, minyak meruap, resinotanol dan sitosterol.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; line-height: 15.359999656677246px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">4. Bagi masyarakat di negara China, selain buahnya boleh dimakan segar atau dibuat jem, terdapat juga kegunaan lain. Secara tradisionalnya, buah Mulberry telah digunakan sebagai agen ubatan bagi memberi khasiat kepada yin dan darah, memberi kebaikan kepada buah pinggang dan merawat masalah lemah, keletihan, anemia dan masalah rambut beruban.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">5. Buah Mulberry turut digunakan untuk merawat masalah ketidak-bolehan mengawal keluarnya air kencing, pening dan masalah sembelit warga tua.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6. Buah yang telah dikeringkan juga boleh dijadikan sebagai pengganti raisin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">7. Buah Mulberry juga dikatakan mampu memberi khasiat dan merangsang penghasilan cecair badan. Mereka yang mengalami masalah kekurangan cecair, mulut mereka anak kering dan lidah terasa panas. Elok juga mereka makan buah ini bagi memberi khasiat dan menambahkan cecair badan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; line-height: 15.359999656677246px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">8. Buah mulberi ini juga sesuai kepada mereka yang mempunyai masalah mata kering akibat keletihan mata dan akibat bekerja dengan cara mengambil jus mulberi .</span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823; line-height: 15.359999656677246px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">9. Buah mulberi juga mengandungi unsur-unsur khasiat seperti mineral dan vitamin. Dikatakan dengan memakan buah Mulberry, mampu membantu menyembuhkan penyakit kronik pada saluran pencernaan, merangsang rembesan cecair gastrik, menguatkan kebolehan bagi mencerna dan menyerap, memperbaiki selera makan dan membuang kembung perut dan sembelit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">10. Wanita yang mengalami simptom-simptom seperti anemia, kepucatan, rasa , sukar untuk tidur dan jantung berdebar-debar dengan kerap terutamanya selepas melahirkan bayi, bolehlah mengambil jus mulberi dengan kerap bagi mengurangkan simptom-simptom tersebut. Ubat kebas tangan dan kaki.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">11. Daun mulberi pula dikatakan boleh direbus dan digunakan sebagai ubat mencuci mata yang merah dan bengkak. Daun yang telah kering pula dikatakan boleh dicampur dengan air mendidih atau direbus. Air ini dikatakan boleh diminum untuk tujuan membersihkan tubuh badan, merangsang peluh, ubat batuk, demam panas dan selsema. Daun yang telah dipanaskan pula dikatakan boleh disapu minyak dan dijadikan sebagai ubat tampal pada luka yang parah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">12. Bagi mereka yang mengalami masalah gigitan atau sengatan serangga, daun yang telah ditumbuk lumat boleh dijadikan sebagai ubat tampal pada bekas gigitan atau sengatan serangga tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">13. Jika mengalami masalah tangan atau kaki yang , bolehlah mengambil getah daripada daun atau ranting mulberi, kemudiannya gosokkan pada bahagian yang kebas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">14. Akar pokok boleh direbus dan dijadikan sebagai air minum bagi merawat asma, batuk, busung, melawaskan pembuangan air kecil dan radang. Air rebusan kulit pokok mulberi pula dikatakan boleh diminum untuk merawat sistem pernafasan, asma, batuk, bronchitis, busung, menyingkirkan kahak dan hingus, tekanan darah tinggi, kebas tangan atau kaki.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">15. Ranting kering pokok mulberi pula dikatakan boleh direbus dan dijadikan sebagai air minum bagi merawat demam panas dan mengatasi rasa sakit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Walaupun terdapat pelbagai khasiat dan kebaikan Mulberry, namun perlulah mendapatkan nasihat daripada pengamal perubatan bagi mengelakkan kemudaratan di kemudian hari kelak.</span></div>
</span>putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-47668997488652947712014-06-09T01:05:00.002-07:002014-06-09T01:05:18.819-07:00Daun Mulberry Dan Sup Ayam<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dua hari lepas, saya kerat pokok mulberry untuk dapatkan keratan kerana ada pesanan keratan untuk disemai. Daun dikumpul untuk dikompos. Sambil leka menyiat daun ada kenalan menyapa,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Lu mau buat apa itu daun arr? Tadi gua tengok dalam kampung ada nyonya jemur itu daun. Buat ubat mata. Lu mau buat ubat kah?"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Oh tidak, saya mau ambil ranting, ada orang mahu."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Buat ubat mata? Saya pernah lihat di Terengganu ketika zaman persekolahan dulu, daun ni dituai untuk diberi makan ulat sutera. Yang pasti, pokok ini cepat tumbuh, dan daunnya berkhasiat. Kalau tidak masakan sejak dulu lagi daun mulberry dijadikan makanan ulat sutera.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Masa masih ada terluang, jadi saya berkunjung ke kedai sahabat saya yang ada tanam pokok mulberry. Orang keturunan cina yang tanam pokok ini pasti tahu kelebihannya. Fikir saya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dia jelaskan pokok ini, daunnya dibuat teh dan dibuat sayur. Katanya manis seperti pandan. Dia buat sup ayam. Bila saya tanya pembantunya, dia sahkan... "Enak buat bakso!"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Orang Indonesia yang merantau, jika tanya sayur buat apa, kebanyakannya akan bagi jawapan yang sama...Buat bakso. :)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bila pulang ke rumah, saya terfikir. Mengapa tidak... manalah tahu kalau-kalau ia enak dimakan. Tapi ketika kutip daun, rasa macam ulat sutera pulak. Apa tidaknya... makan daun mulberry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ketika daunnya dimasak saya perasan ia menjadi lembut dan mempunyai aroma yang menyelerakan. Bila siap dimasak, sup dihidangkan untuk makan malam. Masih panas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bila suap aja sayur mulberry. Fuh memang tidak terkata. Ia memang enak. Rugi selama ni tak tuai.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e6i3BkBvSVw/UlXmUW9iKnI/AAAAAAAAcN0/XYQp6AwDV9o/s1600/sup+ayam+daun+malberi.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-e6i3BkBvSVw/UlXmUW9iKnI/AAAAAAAAcN0/XYQp6AwDV9o/s640/sup+ayam+daun+malberi.jpg" /></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Daun mulberry dijadikan ramuan sup ayam. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sumber: tanamsendiri.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SHAHTOOT, PAKISTANI OR HIMALAYAN MULBERRIES, (MORUS MACROURA OR SERRATA)</span></div>
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The Shahtoot tree gets its name from Farsi and means King Mulberry. The fruits of the tree may be black, white or red, and were often complained about by the elderly because the falling fruit would stain their courtyards. Children who wanted the fruit were encouraged to clean up the mess it created in return for their healthy harvest. Birds love the mulberry as much as children and the large shahtoots are highly valued, for their surprisingly fine flavour. It can grow to 5 or 6 inches long and has been compared to a long caterpillar. They actually taste a little sweeter than ordinary mulberries which also grow along with shahtoots.</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_0dDGyrdbFDg/TOTquWE91gI/AAAAAAAAAlw/gU6EFqYgWxc/s1600/pakistan+mulberry+catkin.jpeg"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_0dDGyrdbFDg/TOTquWE91gI/AAAAAAAAAlw/gU6EFqYgWxc/s200/pakistan+mulberry+catkin.jpeg" /></a> In the Punjab there used to be a cottage industry built around the shahtoot trees which used to grow near village wells and in fields. Not only were they good for shade in hot summers but the villagers also wove baskets from the tree bark; the larger ones were known as “tokra” and the smaller ones “tokri.” Because the wood from the tree is so flexible children used to make bows and arrows from it and play with them. The trees grew so widely that they were mentioned in folk songs, becoming part of folklore. Now they are a rare sight in Punjab, but there are hopes that they will return, as part of the sericulture program which may run in the province if the government give more help and guidance to villagers who would willingly farm silkworms and make silk for the textile industry if only they knew how to go about it.</div>
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Shahtoots are good for health too and have the same benefits as other<a href="http://www.herbs-treatandtaste.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-mulberry-toot-morus-alba-nigra.html">mulberries</a>, being rich in antioxidants; <a href="http://www.herbs-treatandtaste.blogspot.com/2011/01/what-are-bioflavonoids-why-do-we-need.html">flavonoids</a> and what researchers believe are anti-cancer agents.</div>
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In Iran these shahtoots are sold dried and reconstituted for cookery and medicine. They are certainly superfruits that have been known in this part of the world for thousands of years. In the West people are just beginning to realize the benefits of mulberries, and have recently taken to growing the Shahtoot mulberry trees.</div>
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You need to wash shahtoot well and use our mulberry syrup recipe with ice cream. The tea can also be made with shahtoot, but use less sugar.</div>
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SHERBAT SHAHTOOT<br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JdpSRWG2324/Tov82BeYxKI/AAAAAAAADHQ/8UhPoVYUiFA/s1600/1.jpeg"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JdpSRWG2324/Tov82BeYxKI/AAAAAAAADHQ/8UhPoVYUiFA/s200/1.jpeg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ingredients</span></div>
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1 kg. black shahtoot</div>
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1 kg water</div>
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2 kg sugar</div>
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Method</div>
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Extract the juice from the shahtoot and strain into a pan. Mix well with the water and add the sugar. Bring to the boil and them lower the heat and stir until it has the consistency of a concentrated cordial or squash.</div>
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Remove from the heat. Allow to cool and pour into glass bottles.</div>
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When you want a glass, put 3 tbsps of the concentrate into a glass and add water.</div>
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This is especially good for sore throats and tonsillitis and for coughs and colds.</div>
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This has Taste and is a Treat.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rujukan:<a href="http://herbs-treatandtaste.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-shahtoot-pakistani-or-himalayan.html">http://herbs-treatandtaste.blogspot.com/2010/11/what-is-shahtoot-pakistani-or-himalayan.html</a></span></div>
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putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-42103411743283334072014-05-12T01:51:00.002-07:002014-05-12T01:59:35.760-07:00Shahtoot - King White Mulberry<br />
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<img height="200" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/fk1mJmGm0WDwKQP0OplQwxqNsX1ncLTcWpPxDlx0gB64i7uFwDn4TtpOkQbvQAuiZjoRnGPTTyQjROYIMYhPYVlXI1wuLdK12OMo411QSz9AIb5mGk6ZzN-IA2VQfWotZ4DcPD3KxQYsr62CPWc" width="135" /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> is a new multi-purpose tree for Australia. It is a popular hybrid species in Pakistan and the Middle East because it is an attractive fruiting tree which is easy to grow and maintain. The large non-staining fruit is very sweet and nutritious. At around 30% sugar when fully ripe, <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> is much sweeter than the English black mulberry. Being white and essentially seedless avoids the messy staining associated with other mulberries. Fruiting occurs from October through to December, and commences the first season from planting.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Growth Habits</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> is a vigorous growing deciduous tree to 10 m. It forms a dense crown with pendulous branches and makes an attractive spreading shade tree, especially when 'pinched out' to the desired shape.</div>
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The leaves are semi-lobed and vary from lime green on the new flush to dark green when mature. It is the branching nature of<a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> to grow 'out' rather then 'up' which sets it apart from other mulberries as an excellent garden specimen tree.</div>
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Where to Plant</div>
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<a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> is renowned for its hardiness. It withstands extremes of heat and cold, allowing it to thrive in Australia from the arid interior and tropical north through to the cold temperate south of the continent. In Pakistan it is cultivated to 3050 m ( 10, 000 feet).</div>
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<a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> is grafted onto vigorous seedling rootstock, making it a deep rooted tree which grows rapidly given adequate moisture and nutrients (3.5m in 12 months). However <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> will also survive drought conditions making it an excellent shade tree for sheep and cattle-yards where it can be topped for fodder. In foul yards, chickens thrive on fallen fruit and benefit from the summer shade and winter sun that <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a>, being deciduous, provides. <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> has excellent fire retardant capabilities.</div>
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Most soils are suitable for <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> including heavy clay types. This adaptability makes <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a>excellent as a street tree and suited to all sunny garden situations as well as 'problem' landscaping sites like hot courtyards or concreted car-parks.</div>
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Tree Care and Pruning</div>
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<a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> is easy to establish and maintain. No sprays are needed since there are no known pests or diseases which attack the leaves or fruit, other than fruit eating birds.</div>
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<a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> responds to applied water and nutrients with rapid growth yet survives minimum care conditions equally well.</div>
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To obtain maximum branching on young trees it is preferable to 'pinch out' the terminal growth tips between thumb and forefinger when branches reach 1/2 to 1m length. <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> can be pruned during winter dormancy with each lateral cut by approximately half. This also facilitates branches and maintains <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> to a manageable size.</div>
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Uses: <img height="129" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/gZNwUxy8gAMvY-sEAK8-AH5AYuk_Be4DQjw_6vIiCd-qx_VAWNJPC53x-Bbs_5yO1aEle3izlNOr5AlVWCQ9pYxdcjEQzNAP-H3juhgA1x_mOnaeb8bUdNuOjkbNzcVR" width="200" /></div>
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Fruit: <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot fruit</a> can be eaten at half green stage when they are crisp and semi-sweet, or left until fully ripe when they turn white in colour and obtain maximum sweetness. Fruit falls to the ground at the white stage, which is assisted by shaking the tree.</div>
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<a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot fruit</a> is excellent eaten fresh, its sweetness provides an ideal contrast to other foods in salads and sambals or on a cheeseplatter. <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> makes a novel garnish to many dishes. In Pakistan <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> is often dried and used as a source of sugar.</div>
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Analysis (fresh weight) * Fructose 14%; Glucose 13.1%; Sucrose 1.1%; other carbohydrates 1.8%; Vitamin C 10 mg/100 gm *(Aust. Govt. Anal. Lab.)</div>
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Tree - Other Uses: <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> leaves are unparalleled for rearing silkworms. <a href="http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/mulberry.htm">Shahtoot</a> wood is hard, suitable for tuning and carving, especially for hockey sticks, cricket bats and stumps.</div>
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* Information from the Macbird Shahtoot Leaflet: The Shahtoot King White Mulberry Story</div>
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<br style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: start;" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: start;">(Just for sharing article -Mulberrymalaysia.blogspot.com )</span></div>
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<img height="160" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/suite101.com.prod/article_images/large/8755de82-fd6a-40ad-8a08-aedcfda7af98.jpg" width="320" />Shahtoot mulberries are the fruit of the Himalayan or Pakistan mulberry tree; Morusserrata or Morus macroura. They are found at an altitude of between 1200 and 1700 feet in the Himalayan region. They differ from other mulberries because of their size, as they are elongated and can be five or even six inches long. They look like fat caterpillars at first glance. The name Shahtoot comes from the Farsi, meaning King of the Mulberries (toot being the name for mulberry in Farsi and Urdu). One Indian journalist, <a href="http://news.ukpha.org/2010/09/the-withering-tradition-of-punjabi-basket-weaving/">Dinesh Dhuman</a>, has praised the Pakistani Shahtoot, writing that the mulberry has been “perfected in Pakistan.”</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The shahtoot mulberry is sweeter tasting and longer than other mulberries. It can be red, black or white, has many health benefits and is making a comeback.</span></div>
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Health Benefits of Shahtoot Mulberries</div>
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All <a href="https://suite.io/sanjay-b-sharma/4h6j2jn">mulberries</a> contain resveratol which is believed to prevent cancer. It may also protect the cardiovascular system and can alleviate chronic inflammation and postpone the onset of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. It is also considered to be an antiviral.</div>
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In traditional medicine the Shahtoot has been used to treat various diseases including asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea, hypertension, insomnia and melancholy. They are considered “happy” fruits in the Punjab province of Pakistan. As they contain niacin and riboflavin, perhaps this is not surprising.</div>
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They also contain high levels of <a href="http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1961/2">potassium</a> which is an energy booster, repairs cell damage, and stimulates the immune system. So the fruit is packed with substances which help our overall health.</div>
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The young leaves are used as a boiled vegetable and used in tisanes and these also contain potassium, phosphorous and calcium. These act as a diuretic and help flush toxins out of the body. They can be blended with green tea for a more palatable taste.</div>
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The Tree is a Part of Traditional Punjabi Culture</div>
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Unfortunately the mulberry trees in the Punjab have been depleted by a fungal disease and many were felled for fuel and to construct new roads and housing developments. A mulberry tree used to be beside almost all village wells and in fields, providing welcome shade for the labourers.</div>
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In previous times in the not so distant past, baskets would be woven from the bark and wood of the Shahtoot trees (tokra, the large baskets and tokri the smaller ones). However this ancient craft has died out in most regions. Small children would make bows and arrows from the flexible wood of the trees too, but they can no longer do this and plastic guns have taken the place of the traditional toys.</div>
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They are mentioned in folk songs in much the same manner as the British nursery rhyme about mulberry trees, “Here we go round the Mulberry Bush.”</div>
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Moves to Reintroduce Mulberry Trees</div>
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Pakistan’s Sericulture Wing of the Punjab Forest Department is hoping to reintroduce mulberry trees, including the white shahtoot, and a newly discovered mulberry bush-sized plant, to the region in an attempt to promote sericulture (silk worm farming) in rural areas. Currently Pakistan imports silk for use in its textile industry, so home produced silk would not only help the rural poor in the Punjab, but would also help the manufacturers.</div>
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People are eager to participate in the project, but are waiting for government help and guidelines. The Forest Department hope that soon more people will be able to make a living farming silk worms.</div>
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References</div>
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6th January 2010, “Cottage Industry can Employ 25% of Rural Population” The Nation, (daily English newspaper, Lahore, Pakistan)</div>
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Mushtaq Ahmed, et al., “Treatment of Common Ailments by Plant-Based Remedies Among the People of District Attock (Punjab) of Northern Pakistan” African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines Vol 4; 1; 2007 pp112-20</div>
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Dinesh Dhuman, 6th September 2010, “The Withering Tradition of Punjabi Basket Weaving” News, UKPHA org. (Accessed 10/11/2010)</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rujukan:<a href="https://suite.io/lynne-evans/4h6h2sk">https://suite.io/lynne-evans/4h6h2sk</a></span></div>
</span>putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-52679704373895990372014-04-01T23:30:00.001-07:002014-04-01T23:30:41.786-07:00Semaian benih Malberi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Gambar di atas menunjukkan semaian pokok malberry yang dah matang atau saiz besar. Harga nya ialah RMputrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-80203200560879468802013-11-30T18:35:00.001-08:002013-11-30T18:35:04.136-08:00Mulberry Malaysia: Produk Malberi keluaran networking kami DMJ Enterp...<a href="http://mulberrymalaysia.blogspot.com/2013/11/produk-malberi-keluaran-networking-kami.html?spref=bl">Mulberry Malaysia: Produk Malberi keluaran networking kami DMJ Enterp...</a>: Jom datang ke SDSI MITC Ayer Keroh Melaka untuk mendapatkan produk hasilan Malberi sehingga 1 Disember 2013putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-49526335559050511902013-11-30T05:23:00.002-08:002013-11-30T05:23:17.579-08:00Produk Malberi keluaran networking kami DMJ Enterprise<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Jom datang ke SDSI MITC Ayer Keroh Melaka untuk mendapatkan produk hasilan Malberi sehingga 1 Disember 2013putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-86677864590797594512013-05-30T01:23:00.000-07:002013-05-30T01:23:02.163-07:00Jualan Buah Malberi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mKR5oe6rScI/UacKd6zQYKI/AAAAAAAABr4/u0Wn3cpJNUw/s1600/2013-05-28-1655.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mKR5oe6rScI/UacKd6zQYKI/AAAAAAAABr4/u0Wn3cpJNUw/s320/2013-05-28-1655.jpg" width="179" yya="true" /></a></div>
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Buah Malberi merah ready for sale</div>
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Buah Malberi yang dah disejukbeku bagi menjamin kesegarannya</div>
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Buah malberi yang masih segar</div>
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Buah malberi dalam tupperware siap untuk dijual</div>
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Harga 1 pek bekas rm8.00</div>
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2 pek rm10.00</div>
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Berminat hubungi 0192272127 (hisham sg buloh)</div>
putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-13695799641665269252013-04-25T01:54:00.001-07:002013-04-25T01:54:30.263-07:00Pokok Malberi sekitar rumah <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-3779928969896331212013-04-17T08:12:00.001-07:002013-04-17T08:12:20.980-07:00Khasiat mulberryMulberi (juga disebut Bebesaran) (Latin: Morus) adalah termasuk genus tumbuhan dari keluarga Moraceae. Ianya terdiri dari 10–16 spesies pohon Mulberi yang asli berasal dari kawasan beriklim panas dan subtropika di benua Asia, Afrika dan Amerika Latin. Namun kebanyakan dari spesies asli Mulberi berasal dari benua Asia.<br />
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Khasiat Pokok Mulberry<br />
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•Mulberry merupakan tumbuhan asli di bahagian tengah dan timur China. Dikenali dengan nama botaninya, Morus Alba, pokok mulberi yang ditanam di negara China adalah Mulberry putih. Pokok mulberi lain yang menghasilkan buah berwarna hitam dan merah pula banyak ditanam di negara-negara beriklim tropika dan sub-tropika. Salah satu kegunaan bahagian pokok Mulberry, terutama daunnya adalah sebagai makanan utama ulat sutera. Maka disebabkan itulah jika di Malayasia, daun pokok Mulberry dikenali sebagai daun ulat sutera atau besaram. Buah Mulberry mengandungi asid sitrik, gula dan vitamin C. Daun Mulberry pula mengandungi adenin, amilas, asid suksinik, karotena dan kolin. Biji Mulberry mengandungi ureas. <br />
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•Manakala kulit akar pokok mulberi mengandungi beta-amirin, minyak meruap, resinotanol dan sitosterol. Bagi masyarakat di negara China, selain buahnya boleh dimakan segar atau dibuat jem, terdapat juga kegunaan lain. Secara tradisionalnya, buah Mulberry telah digunakan sebagai agen ubatan bagi memberi khasiat kepada yin dan darah, memberi kebaikan kepada buah pinggang dan merawat masalah lemah, keletihan, anemia dan masalah rambut beruban. Kuatkan sistem cerna dan serapan Buah Mulberry turut digunakan untuk merawat masalah ketidak-bolehan mengawal keluarnya air kencing, pening dan masalah sembelit warga tua. <br />
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•Disebabkan banyak khasiatnya, maka jus Mulberry telah dihasilkan secara komersial sebagai makanan kesihatan dan amat popular di China, Jepun dan Korea. Bukan itu sahaja, buah yang telah dikeringkan juga boleh dijadikan sebagai pengganti raisin. Buah Mulberry juga dikatakan mampu memberi khasiat dan merangsang penghasilan cecair badan. Mereka yang mengalami masalah kekurangan cecair, mulut mereka anak kering dan lidah terasa panas. Elok juka mereka makan buah ini bagi memberi khasiat dan menambahkan cecair badan. Mereka yang mengalami masalah mata kering akibat keletihan mata dan akibat bekerja boleh juga mengambil jus mulberi bagi menambahkan cecair badan dan menguatkan penglihatan. <br />
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•Buah Mulberry juga mengandungi unsur-unsur khasiat seperti mineral dan vitamin. Dikatakan dengan memakan buah Mulberry, mampu membantu menyembuhkan penyakit kronik pada saluran pencernaan, merangsang rembesan cecair gastrik, menguatkan kebolehan bagi mencerna dan menyerap, memperbaiki selera makan dan membuang kembung perut dan sembelit. Wanita yang mengalami simptom-simptom seperti anemia, kepucatan, rasa pening, sukar untuk tidur dan jantung berdebar-debar dengan kerap terutamanya selepas melahirkan bayi, bolehlah mengambil jus mulberi dengan kerap bagi mengurangkan simptom-simptom tersebut. Ubat kebas tangan dan kaki <br />
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•Daun Mulberry pula dikatakan boleh direbus dan digunakan sebagai ubat mencuci mata yang merah dan bengkak. Daun yang telah kering pula dikatakan boleh dicampur dengan air mendidih atau direbus. Air ini dikatakan boleh diminum untuk tujuan membersihkan tubuh badan, merangsang peluh, ubat batuk, demam panas dan selsema. Daun yang telah dipanaskan pula dikatakan boleh disapu minyak dan dijadikan sebagai ubat tampal pada luka yang parah. Bagi mereka yang mengalami masalah gigitan atau sengatan serangga, daun yang telah ditumbuk lumat boleh dijadikan sebagai unat tampal pada bekas gigitan atau sengatan serangga tersebut. <br />
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•Jika mengalami masalah tangan atau kaki yang kebas, bolehlah mengambil getah daripada daun atau ranting mulberi, kemudiannya gosokkan pada bahagian yang kebas. Akar pokok Mulberry boleh direbus dan dijadikan sebagai air minum bagi merawat asma, batuk, busung, melawaskan pembuangan air kecil dan radang. <br />
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•Air rebusan kulit pokok mulberi pula dikatakan boleh diminum untuk merawat sistem pernafasan, asma, batuk, bronchitis, busung, menyingkirkan kahak dan hingus, tekanan darah tinggi, kebas tangan atau kaki. Ranting kering pokok mulberi pula dikatakan boleh direbus dan dijadikan sebagai air minum bagi merawat demam panas dan mengatasi rasa sakit. Walaupun terdapat pelbagai khasiat dan kebaikan Mulberry, perlulah mendapatkan nasihat daripada pengamal perubatan bagi mengelakkan kemudaratan di kemudian hari kelak.putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-59945983737932660142013-04-05T00:57:00.002-07:002013-04-05T00:57:32.722-07:00Tanaman Malberi di sg buloh<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J2p_LZHzCVM/UV5-dFeIxKI/AAAAAAAABoY/jFs7dzFfv7A/s1600/2013-03-21-1363.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J2p_LZHzCVM/UV5-dFeIxKI/AAAAAAAABoY/jFs7dzFfv7A/s320/2013-03-21-1363.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Pokok malberi jenis daun terbelah, batangnya agak lembut, buah nya kecil sedikit</div>
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Buah malberi kategori daun lebar.Jenis ini buahnya banyak dan besar</div>
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Jenis daun lebar, apabila dicantas pucuk baru akan keluar bersama buah</div>
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jenis daun terbelah</div>
putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-30418244636581675972013-03-21T01:44:00.001-07:002013-03-21T01:44:10.952-07:00Jualan Pokok Malberi sentiasa adaPihak kami masih lagi menjual benih pokok malberi atau keratan malberi . Jika sesiapa yang berminat bolh hubungi sya di talian 0192272127 di sg buloh selangor. Lama saya tak update blog.putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3076720581809975074.post-61938593931001154642012-07-26T01:10:00.006-07:002012-07-26T01:10:46.419-07:00Buah malberi<img height="640" src="http://www.kejora.gov.my/image/image_gallery?uuid=6a9e2152-4da5-46e1-b6d5-7961ed73a9af&groupId=73998&t=1266551437006" width="480" />putrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00612476301053585457noreply@blogger.com3